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Legal Guardianship in Bangladesh and Adoption Process
Adoption and legal guardianship are two ways through which a child can be taken into care by someone other than their biological parents. These legal concepts play an important role in ensuring the welfare of children who are in need of care and protection. In Bangladesh, adoption and legal guardianship are regulated by laws and policies that are aimed at protecting the rights of children and ensuring their well-being.
Adoption in Bangladesh
Adoption is the legal process through which a child is permanently taken into the care of a person or a couple who are not the child’s biological parents. The adoption process in Bangladesh is governed by the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890, and the Children Act, 2013. According to these laws, adoption is only allowed when it is in the best interest of the child, and the adoption must be approved by a court of law.
The Children Act, 2013 provides detailed guidelines for adoption in Bangladesh. According to the law, a child can be adopted by a person or a couple who meet the following criteria:
The adoptive parent(s) must be at least 25 years of age.
The adoptive parent(s) must be of sound mind and capable of taking care of the child.
The adoptive parent(s) must not have been convicted of any offence involving moral turpitude.
The adoptive parent(s) must have adequate means to provide for the child.
In addition to these criteria, the law also requires that the child to be adopted must be a legitimate child, and the adoption must be in the best interest of the child. The law also requires that the consent of the biological parents or legal guardians must be obtained before the adoption can be approved by the court.
The adoption process in Bangladesh involves several steps. First, the adoptive parent(s) must file an application for adoption with the court. The court will then conduct an investigation to determine whether the adoption is in the best interest of the child. If the court is satisfied that the adoption is in the best interest of the child, it will issue an order approving the adoption. After the adoption is approved, the adoptive parent(s) will be granted legal custody of the child, and the child will take on the surname of the adoptive parent(s).
Legal Guardianship in Bangladesh
Legal guardianship is another way in which a child can be taken into care by someone other than their biological parents. In Bangladesh, legal guardianship is governed by the Guardians and Wards Act, 1890, and the Children Act, 2013. Under these laws, a person can be appointed as a legal guardian of a child if it is in the best interest of the child.
Legal guardianship can be granted in a variety of situations. For example, if the biological parents are unable to take care of the child due to illness, imprisonment, or other reasons, a legal guardian can be appointed to take care of the child. Legal guardianship can also be granted if the child is a victim of abuse, neglect, or exploitation, and the biological parents are unable or unwilling to take care of the child.
To become a legal guardian in Bangladesh, a person must file an application with the court. The court will then conduct an investigation to determine whether the appointment of a legal guardian is in the best interest of the child. If the court is satisfied that the appointment of a legal guardian is in the best interest of the child, it will issue an order appointing the legal guardian.
The legal guardian will have the same rights and responsibilities as a biological parent, and will be responsible for the care and protection of the child. However, the legal guardian does not have the right to make decisions regarding the child’s marriage, religion, or education without the permission of the court.
FAQ about Legal Guardianship in Bangladesh:
Question
Answer
What is legal guardianship?
Legal guardianship is a legal arrangement in which a person is appointed to care for a child or an incapacitated adult who is unable to care for themselves.
Who can be a legal guardian?
A person who is over 21 years old, of sound mind, and not convicted of a criminal offense can be a legal guardian.
How is legal guardianship established in Bangladesh?
Legal guardianship can be established through a court order. The court will consider the best interests of the child or incapacitated adult in determining whether to appoint a guardian.
What factors does the court consider when appointing a legal guardian?
The court will consider factors such as the relationship between the child or incapacitated adult and the proposed guardian, the ability of the proposed guardian to provide care, and the wishes of the child or incapacitated adult (if they are able to express their wishes).
Can a legal guardian be appointed without a court order?
No, legal guardianship must be established through a court order in Bangladesh.
How long does legal guardianship last?
Legal guardianship can last until the child or incapacitated adult reaches the age of majority (18 years old) or until the court revokes the guardian’s authority.
Can a legal guardian be removed?
Yes, a legal guardian can be removed if they are found to be unfit to serve or if there is a change in circumstances that warrants a change in guardianship.
What are the rights and responsibilities of a legal guardian?
A legal guardian has the right to make decisions on behalf of the child or incapacitated adult, such as decisions related to education, healthcare, and finances. They also have the responsibility to act in the best interests of the child or incapacitated adult and to provide them with a safe and supportive environment.
Can a legal guardian be held liable for their actions?
Yes, a legal guardian can be held liable for their actions if they act negligently or in violation of their responsibilities as a guardian.
Can a legal guardian be paid for their services?
Yes, a legal guardian can be paid for their services if they are caring for an incapacitated adult. However, a legal guardian of a child cannot receive payment for their services.
Adoption Process in Bangladesh
Individuals may apply for guardianship of a child’s person or property under the Guardians and Wards Act of 1890. However, there is no specific law governing adoption in Bangladesh. This article will provide a concise but comprehensive overview of adoption and legal guardianship in Bangladesh.
Adoption and legal custody in Bangladesh:
Adoption and Legal Guardianship have no legal or practical distinction. However, the terms “Adoption” and “Legal Guardianship” were used due to Bangladesh’s diverse personal laws. Family Court Ordinance of 1985; Guardians and Wards Act of 1890; Code of Civil Procedure of 1908; Muslim Family Laws Ordinance of 1961; Children Act of 2013; and Hindu personal Laws and Customs.
Adoption of a Muslim baby:
According to Muslim law, Muslim parents in Bangladesh are not permitted to adopt children because Bangladeshi law does not recognize adoption. However, their only recourse is to petition the appropriate family courts for legal guardianship. Unfortunately, children under guardianship do not have all rights, such as the right to inherit their legal guardians’ property. Adoption of Hindu children and children of other religions:
However, according to Hindu family law, only Hindus may adopt boys. Therefore, the status of adopted boys will be the same as that of a natural son, and they will enjoy the same rights under personal law and secular law, such as inheritance, as if they were born into this family. In addition, adoption is permitted and encouraged under Christian and Buddhist personal laws.
Regardless of personal law, the Guardians and Wards Act governs legal custody and guardianship:
Application for guardianship to the court:
Adoption or guardianship applicants in Bangladesh must file a petition with the family court having jurisdiction over the child’s place of residence, in accordance with the Code of Civil Procedure, in order to obtain legal guardianship of children. In accordance with the provisions of the Personal Laws and Guardians and Wards Act, against which an appeal is permissible, the court will render a decision based on the well-being of the children after reviewing the application. For instance, if the court is convinced that the parents are qualified to assume responsibility for the child, the decision will be in their favor, and if the decision was against them, an appeal can be filed with the District Judge Court.
Limitation on guardians applying for guardianship:
The Act requires one of the parents seeking adoption or guardianship to be a Bangladeshi citizen or holder of dual citizenship, i.e. an American who is also a Bangladeshi citizen. Therefore, foreigners are unable to apply for adoption or legal guardianship in Bangladesh.
Rights of children pertaining to property:
The Guardians and Wards Act of 1890 has a significant impact on the guardianship of minors. Following the Guardians and Wards Act of 1890, a child or person under guardianship does not have the same rights, such as inheriting property, as biological children. However, if the guardian gifts a property to the person under guardianship prior to their death, that person can inherit the property.
Procedures for acquiring legal custody of a child in Bangladesh:
In Bangladesh, the following procedures must be followed to obtain adoption or legal guardianship:
If the prospective adoptive parents reside abroad, they must obtain permission from the relevant authority of the child’s country of residence.
Prospective adoptive parents must seek out individuals, organizations, or institutions, such as orphanages, NGOs, shelters, etc., and make contact with them in order to obtain the necessary documents regarding the anticipated adoptee child for the guardianship process, so that no legal issues regarding guardianship or adoption arise in the future.
The third step involves petitioning the family court for legal guardianship and submitting the necessary paperwork. Example: Child’s birth certificate, irrevocable release of the adoptee minor signed by the biological parents before a Notary Public, Magistrate, or the relevant Family Court in Bangladesh, proof that one of the parents is a Bangladeshi citizen, and proof that the foreign documents submitted are of the utmost authenticity.
After the court’s decision, the guardians of the child must obtain the child’s post-guardianship birth certificate, which will indicate that the prospective legal guardians are now the child’s valid legal guardians. Consequently, if the parents wish to take the child outside of Bangladesh, they must obtain a no objection certificate (NOC) from the Ministry of Home Affairs. Upon application, the concerned ministry will conduct a thorough investigation into the matter at hand and, if satisfied, will issue the NOC.
The guardians must now submit all the required documents, i.e. form, NOC, etc., either online or in hard copy, in order to obtain the child’s passport and take him or her out of the country.
Following this, all required medical evaluations, including tests, vaccinations, etc., must be carried out in order to obtain a visa. Finally, all adoption-related formalities must be completed in accordance with the law of the adoptive parents’ country of residence in accordance with that country’s adoption law in order for the adoption of the child to be legally valid in that country.
FAQ about adoption process in Bangladesh:
Question
Answer
What is adoption?
Adoption is a legal process in which a child becomes the legal child of a person or couple who are not their biological parents.
Prospective adoptive parents must be at least 25 years old, financially stable, and have a clean criminal record. Married couples must have been married for at least five years.
Children who are available for adoption in Bangladesh include abandoned, surrendered, or orphaned children.
How is the adoption process initiated?
The adoption process is initiated by submitting an application to the Department of Social Services or an authorized agency.
What is the role of the court in the adoption process?
The court plays a critical role in the adoption process. The court will review the adoptive parents’ application and conduct an investigation to determine whether the adoption is in the best interests of the child.
What factors does the court consider when making a decision about adoption?
The court will consider factors such as the welfare of the child, the suitability of the adoptive parents, and the wishes of the child (if they are able to express their wishes).
How long does the adoption process take?
The adoption process can take several months or even years to complete, depending on the circumstances.
Can foreign nationals adopt children in Bangladesh?
Yes, foreign nationals can adopt children in Bangladesh, but they must follow the same legal process as Bangladeshi citizens.
Is it possible to adopt a child without going through the legal process?
What are the legal rights and responsibilities of adoptive parents?
Adoptive parents have the same legal rights and responsibilities as biological parents, including the right to make decisions on behalf of the child and the responsibility to provide for the child’s basic needs and well-being.
Hire the best law firm in Bangladesh to secure your legal guardianship or adoption in Bangladesh:
Tahnidur Rahman Remura Wahid is considered one of the best law firms in Bangladesh for Legal Guardianship due to their extensive experience in the field of family law. The firm has a team of highly skilled and knowledgeable lawyers who specialize in Legal Guardianship and can provide expert advice and representation.
They have a deep understanding of the complex legal procedures and regulations involved in obtaining Legal Guardianship in Bangladesh and are dedicated to providing their clients with the highest quality legal services. Moreover, they maintain a high level of professionalism and integrity, ensuring that their clients receive honest and ethical advice. Tahnidur Rahman Remura Wahid has a proven track record of success in representing clients in Legal Guardianship cases, making them an ideal choice for anyone seeking legal guardianship services in Bangladesh.
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Obtaining a manpower license in Bangladesh is a necessary step for companies that wish to recruit and deploy workers abroad. The license is issued by the Bureau of Manpower, Employment, and Training (BMET), which is the regulatory body for all matters related to overseas employment in Bangladesh. In this article, we will provide a step-by-step guide on how to obtain a manpower license in Bangladesh.
Bangladesh is a country that heavily relies on its labor force for economic development. With a population of over 160 million people, the workforce is vast and diverse. However, the unregulated nature of the labor market has caused significant issues, including exploitation of workers and lack of proper employment opportunities.
BAIRA and BMET and Manpower Regulation in Bangladesh:
In order to address these concerns, the government of Bangladesh has established the Bureau of Manpower, Employment, and Training (BMET) to oversee the regulation and management of foreign employment, and the Bangladesh Association of International Recruiting Agencies (BAIRA) to regulate and facilitate the recruitment of Bangladeshi workers for overseas employment.
BAIRA was established in 1984 to protect the rights and interests of Bangladeshi workers who are employed abroad. It acts as a platform for the recruitment agencies to coordinate with each other and address the issues that arise in the foreign employment sector. BAIRA currently has more than 1,200 members who are registered with the organization.
One of the main functions of BAIRA is to ensure that all the recruitment agencies comply with the government regulations and guidelines. In order to operate as a recruitment agency, a company must obtain a license from the Ministry of Expatriates’ Welfare and Overseas Employment. The license is issued for a period of two years and must be renewed every two years. The license also requires the agency to provide security deposits and maintain a minimum level of capital to operate.
In addition, the recruitment agencies must abide by the code of conduct established by BAIRA. The code of conduct includes provisions such as ensuring that the workers are not charged any fees, other than the government-approved fees, and that the workers are provided with adequate information about the working conditions, job responsibilities, and remuneration.
Furthermore, BAIRA works closely with the government to ensure that the recruitment process is transparent and fair. It also provides training to the recruitment agencies on the procedures and requirements of the foreign employment process. This helps to improve the quality of the recruitment agencies and ensure that they operate in a professional and ethical manner.
The BMET is responsible for regulating the recruitment process of Bangladeshi workers for overseas employment. It is also responsible for issuing the manpower licenses to the recruitment agencies. The manpower license ensures that the recruitment agencies meet the necessary requirements to operate as a recruitment agency and recruit workers for overseas employment.
The BMET also oversees the training and orientation of the workers before they are sent abroad. This helps to ensure that the workers are aware of the working conditions, their job responsibilities, and their rights and obligations as foreign workers.
FAQ
Answer
What is BAIRA?
BAIRA stands for Bangladesh Association of International Recruiting Agencies. It is an organization established to regulate and facilitate the recruitment of Bangladeshi workers for overseas employment.
What is the role of BAIRA?
The role of BAIRA is to ensure that all the recruitment agencies comply with government regulations and guidelines. It also works to protect the rights and interests of Bangladeshi workers employed abroad.
How many members does BAIRA have?
BAIRA currently has more than 1,200 members who are registered with the organization.
What is a manpower license?
A manpower license is a license issued by the Ministry of Expatriates’ Welfare and Overseas Employment that permits a recruitment agency to operate and recruit workers for overseas employment.
How long is a manpower license valid for?
A manpower license is issued for a period of two years and must be renewed every two years.
What is the code of conduct established by BAIRA?
The code of conduct established by BAIRA includes provisions such as ensuring that the workers are not charged any fees other than the government-approved fees, and that the workers are provided with adequate information about the working conditions, job responsibilities, and remuneration.
How does BAIRA ensure the recruitment process is transparent and fair?
BAIRA works closely with the government to ensure that the recruitment process is transparent and fair. It also provides training to the recruitment agencies on the procedures and requirements of the foreign employment process.
What is the role of the BMET?
The Bureau of Manpower, Employment, and Training (BMET) is responsible for regulating the recruitment process of Bangladeshi workers for overseas employment. It is also responsible for issuing the manpower licenses to the recruitment agencies.
What does the BMET oversee?
The BMET oversees the training and orientation of the workers before they are sent abroad. This helps to ensure that the workers are aware of the working conditions, their job responsibilities, and their rights and obligations as foreign workers.
How has BAIRA improved the foreign employment sector in Bangladesh?
BAIRA has helped to improve the quality of the recruitment agencies and ensure that the workers are aware of their rights and obligations. It has also addressed the issues of worker exploitation and lack of proper employment opportunities in Bangladesh.
Step 1: RJSC incorporation for Manpower License
Company Registration To apply for a manpower license, the company must first be registered with the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies and Firms (RJSC) in Bangladesh. The company must be registered as a private limited company or a public limited company. The registration process involves submitting the necessary documents and paying the registration fees.
Step 2: Trade License
Obtain Trade License After registering the company, the next step is to obtain a trade license from the local city corporation or municipality. The trade license is a legal document that permits the company to operate in a particular area. To obtain a trade license, the company must submit an application to the local authorities along with the required documents and fees.
Step 3: Obtaining the Tax Identification Number (TIN)
Obtain Tax Identification Number (TIN) The company must also obtain a Tax Identification Number (TIN) from the National Board of Revenue (NBR). The TIN is a unique identification number that is used to identify the company for tax purposes. To obtain a TIN, the company must submit an application to the NBR along with the necessary documents.
Step 4:
Register with BMET Once the company has obtained a trade license and a TIN, the next step is to register with the Bureau of Manpower, Employment, and Training (BMET). The registration process involves submitting an application to BMET along with the required documents and fees.
Registering with the Bureau of Manpower, Employment, and Training (BMET) is an essential step in obtaining a manpower license in Bangladesh. Here’s a detailed explanation of the registration process and the documents required:
After obtaining the trade license and Tax Identification Number (TIN), the next step is to register with BMET. The company must submit an application for registration along with the required documents and fees.
Documents required for registration:
Certificate of Incorporation: This is a legal document that confirms the company’s registration with the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies and Firms (RJSC).
Memorandum and Articles of Association: These documents provide information about the company’s objectives, structure, and internal rules and regulations.
Trade License: This is a legal permit issued by the local government authority that allows the company to carry out its business activities.
Tax Identification Number (TIN): This is a unique identification number issued by the National Board of Revenue (NBR) for tax purposes.
Bank Solvency Certificate: This is a certificate issued by a bank that confirms the company’s financial solvency.
Proof of Payment of Registration Fees: The company must pay the prescribed registration fees at the time of application.
After submitting the application and the required documents, BMET will verify the information and conduct an inspection of the company’s premises. If the application is approved, the company will be registered with BMET and issued a registration certificate.
The registration certificate is valid for two years from the date of issue and must be renewed upon expiry. The renewal process involves submitting an application for renewal along with the required documents and fees.
It is important to note that registration with BMET is mandatory for all companies that wish to recruit and deploy workers abroad, whether or not they are seeking a manpower license. Registered companies are required to comply with the guidelines and regulations set by BMET and provide a safe and healthy work environment for their workers.
In conclusion, registering with BMET is an important step in the process of obtaining a manpower license in Bangladesh. The company must submit an application along with the required documents and fees and comply with the guidelines and regulations set by BMET. By following these steps, companies can ensure that they operate within the legal framework and contribute to the development of the Bangladeshi economy.
Step 5: Application for manpower license
Obtaining the Manpower License After registering with BMET, the company can apply for a manpower license. The application for a manpower license must be made on a prescribed form, which can be obtained from the BMET website or office. The application must be accompanied by the following documents:
Certificate of Incorporation
Trade License
Tax Identification Number (TIN)
Bank Solvency Certificate
A copy of the employment contract or agreement with the employer abroad
Power of Attorney in favor of the recruiting agency, if applicable
A copy of the demand letter from the employer abroad
Proof of payment of the license fees
The application must be submitted to the BMET office along with the necessary documents and fees. Once the application is received, BMET will verify the information provided and conduct an inspection of the company’s premises.
If BMET is satisfied with the information and the inspection, they will issue the manpower license to the company. The license is valid for two years and can be renewed upon payment of the renewal fees.
Step 6: Post-Licensing Compliance
After obtaining the manpower license, the company must comply with the regulations and guidelines set by BMET. The company must maintain a register of all workers recruited and deployed abroad. The register must contain the following information:
Name of the worker
Date of birth
Passport number
Employment contract details
Date of departure
Destination country
Date of arrival
Date of repatriation
The company must also provide pre-departure orientation to the workers. The orientation must cover the following topics:
Employment contract details
Destination country and culture
Health and safety precautions
Code of conduct
Complaints and grievances mechanism
The company must also provide adequate insurance coverage to the workers. The insurance must cover the following:
Accidental death and injury
Medical treatment
Repatriation expenses in case of death or disability
In addition to these requirements, the company must also comply with the laws and regulations of the destination country. The company must ensure that the workers have the necessary visas and work permits to work in the destination country. The company must also provide the workers with accommodation, food, and transportation as per the employment contract.
Obtaining a manpower license in Bangladesh is a necessary step for companies that wish to recruit and deploy workers abroad. The process involves registering the company with the relevant authorities, obtaining a trade license and a Tax Identification Number (TIN), registering with BMET, and applying for the manpower license. After obtaining the license, the company must comply with the regulations and guidelines set by BMET and ensure the welfare and safety of the workers deployed abroad. By following these steps, companies can ensure that they operate within the legal framework and contribute to the development of the Bangladeshi economy.
Here’s a table with 10 frequently asked questions about the legal process of obtaining a manpower license in Bangladesh:
Question
Answer
What is a manpower license?
A manpower license is a legal permit issued by the Bureau of Manpower, Employment, and Training (BMET) that allows companies to recruit and deploy workers abroad.
Who is eligible to apply for a manpower license?
Private limited companies and public limited companies registered with the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies and Firms (RJSC) are eligible to apply for a manpower license.
What documents are required to apply for a manpower license?
The required documents include the certificate of incorporation, trade license, Tax Identification Number (TIN), bank solvency certificate, employment contract or agreement with the employer abroad, power of attorney (if applicable), demand letter from the employer abroad, and proof of payment of the license fees.
What is the process for applying for a manpower license?
The company must register with BMET, obtain a prescribed form for the application, and submit the application along with the required documents and fees. BMET will verify the information and conduct an inspection of the company’s premises before issuing the license.
How long does it take to get a manpower license?
The processing time can vary, but it usually takes around 1-2 months to obtain a manpower license.
How much does it cost to obtain a manpower license?
The license fees vary depending on the type of business and the number of workers to be recruited. The fees can range from 10,000 BDT to 100,000 BDT.
How long is the manpower license valid for?
The manpower license is valid for two years from the date of issue.
Can the manpower license be renewed?
Yes, the manpower license can be renewed upon payment of the renewal fees.
What are the post-licensing compliance requirements?
The company must maintain a register of all workers recruited and deployed abroad, provide pre-departure orientation to the workers, provide adequate insurance coverage, and comply with the laws and regulations of the destination country.
What are the consequences of operating without a manpower license?
Operating without a manpower license can result in legal penalties, fines, and imprisonment. It can also damage the reputation of the company and affect its ability to do business in the future.
Hire the best law firm in Bangladesh to obtain your manpower license:
Tahmidur Rahman Remura Wahid has earned its stellar reputation thanks to its proficiency in a wide range of company law, government licensing, PPP projects, financial transactions, including those involving power and energy, mergers and acquisitions, and large-scale projects. Led by Barrister Tahmidur, the law firm also consults on behalf of international financial institutions like the World Bank and gives advice to large local and international banks on local corporate governance issues. Remura Mahbub is another instrumental part of the team, and she is a big reason why the company gets does so much cross-border work in Southeast Asia and Europe.
In addition, this elite lawfirm in Bangladesh also deals with shipping law practices assisting in both wet and dry contentious and non-contentious matters, aviation law, capital markets law, bankruptcy and creditors’ rights, and family law. Additional practice areas include asset acquisition, dispute resolution, ICC, LCIA and UNCITRAL arbitration proceedings, finance and securitization law, and aviation law. It consists of an international division comprised of attorneys specializing in foreign and cross-border business and providing premium solutions for international clients.
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Corruption laws in Bangladesh and Anti-Bribery Laws
Corruption has always been a major concern for Bangladesh, as it has a direct impact on the country’s economy and development. Bangladesh has certainly been successful in reducing the level of corruption over the past few years as a result of its efforts to prevent corruption by implementing numerous stringent laws.
A corruption or bribery allegation is one of the quickest ways to tarnish a company’s reputation. While corporations conducting business in Bangladesh have their own anti-corruption and anti-bribery policies and compliance programs, an evaluation of Bangladesh’s anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws is of utmost importance. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the legal and regulatory framework in effect in Bangladesh.
Bangladesh’s applicable anti-corruption and anti-bribery statutes
The Prevention of Corruption Act of 1947 (PCA 1947) was the very first special law to be implemented in Bangladesh to combat bribery and corruption. The Bangladesh Anti-Corruption Act of 1974 (“BAC 1974”) was subsequently enacted, establishing the Bureau of Anti-Corruption to combat and control bribery and other forms of corruption. BAC 1974 was repealed and replaced by the Anti-Corruption Commission Act of 2004 (ACCA 2004).
The Anti-Corruption Commission was established by the Anti-Corruption Act of 2004, and the Bureau of Anti-Corruption established under the Anti-Corruption Act of 1974 was dissolved as a result. However, notwithstanding anything stated in any other law, the Penal Code 1860 (“PC 1860”) also covers a number of offenses that are directly or indirectly related to corruption and bribery and are therefore subject to the Act. In addition, the Government has enacted the Anti-Money-Laundering Act of 2012 and various other laws to combat corruption and bribery-related offenses.
Definition of corruption and bribery within Bangladesh’s jurisdiction
Corruption
In neither ACCA 2004 nor PC 1860 is a comprehensive definition of corruption provided. Instead of providing a general definition, section 2(E) of the ACCA 2004 referred to certain offenses listed in the ACCA 2004 schedule and stated that they were to be considered corruption offenses. According to the schedule, the following offenses are defined:
Offenses under sections 161 (Public servant taking gratification other than legal remuneration in respect of an official act), 162 (Taking gratification in order, by corrupt or illegal means, to influence public servant), 163 (Taking gratification for exercise of personal influence with public servant), 164 (Punishment for abetment by public servant of offences defined by sections 162 or 163), 165 (Public servant obtaining valuable thing, without consideration, from persuader),
Offenses under sections 420 (Cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property), 467 (Forgery of valuable security, will, etc.), 468 (Forgery for the purpose of cheating), 471 (Using as genuine a forged document), and 477 (Fraudulent cancellation, destruction, etc., of will, authority to adopt, or valuable security) if such offenses involve public property or are committed by government employees, employees of banking institutions, or employees of insurance
Infractions outlined in the Prevention of Corruption Act of 1947.
Infractions listed in the Money Laundering Prevention Act of 2012
All the offenses listed above in connection with and in relation to the offenses listed in Sections 109 (Punishment of abetment if the act abetted is committed as a result and where no express provision is made for its punishment), 120B (Punishment of criminal conspiracy), and 511 (Punishment for attempting to commit offenses punishable by life imprisonment or imprisonment) of the PC 1860.
In addition, the PC 1860 lacked a definition of corruption and instead defined “wrongful gain.”
According to PC 1860, wrongful gain is the unlawful acquisition of property by a person who is not legally entitled to it. On the basis of this definition, violations of sections 161-169, 171, 217-218 and 409, as well as sections 420, 467, 468, 471 and 477, if such violations involve public property or if such violations are committed by government employees or employees of banking institutions or employees of financial institutions while performing official duties, fall within the scope of the common corruption offenses.
Bribery
The PC 1860 provides a comprehensive outline of what acts may constitute bribery.
According to section 23 of the Criminal Code of 1860, bribery is committed by anyone who gives a gratification with the intent of inducing or attempting to induce another person to exercise an electoral right, or accepts a gratification as a reward for exercising such a right, or for inducing or attempting to induce another person to exercise such a right.
Whoever commits the crime of bribery shall be punished by imprisonment of either kind for a term that may not exceed one year, a fine, or both. However, it has also been stipulated that bribery by gift shall only be punished by a fine.
Punishment under the Criminal Code of 1860
If a public servant accepts, obtains, or attempts to obtain any gratification other than legal remuneration as a motive or reward for doing any official act, or for showing favor or disfavor to any person, or for rendering any service or disservice to any person, this shall be considered an offense, and the public servant shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term that may not exceed three years, or with fine, or with both.
According to said PC 1860, the term ‘gratification’ is not limited to monetary or monetary-estimable gratifications. In addition, “legal remuneration” is not limited to remuneration that a public servant can legally demand, but includes all remuneration that his employing authority permits him to accept.
Similarly, taking gratification to influence a public servant, taking gratification for exercising personal influence with a public servant, obtaining valuable things by public servant from person involved in proceeding or business transacted by such public servant, disobeying law or framing an incorrect document by public servant with intent to cause injury to any person or public servant unlawfully engaging in trade or purchasing or bidding for property or any accomplice(s) to s.
In addition, whoever accepts or attempts to obtain any gratification for himself or any other person, or any restitution of property, in exchange for the concealment of an offence under his/her screening of any person from legal punishment for any offence, shall, if the offence is punishable with death, be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to a fine; and if the offence is punishable with life imprisonment, be punished.
The same type of punishment has been imposed on the individual who provides the money, benefit, or satisfaction.
The Prevention of Corruption Act’s scope
The PCA 1947 provides neither a definition nor identifies the criteria for what constitutes corruption or bribery. However, the PCA 1947 has designated certain offenses as “criminal misconduct” and outlined their maximum penalties.
The offenses designated as criminal misconduct under the PCA 1947 are identical to those listed in Section 161-165 of the PC 1860, as stated above. However, the maximum punishment prescribed by PCA 1947 is greater than the maximum punishment specified by Penal Code 1860.
For instance, the maximum punishment for committing an offense under section 161 of the PC 1860 is three years in prison, a fine, or both; however, the maximum punishment for committing a similar offense under section 5(1) of the PCA 1947 is seven years in prison, a fine, or both. As the PCA 1947 is a specialized law, however, the punishment prescribed by said act shall take precedence over others.
Implications of the 2004 Anti-Corruption Commission Act
Establishment of the Commission
The ACCA 2004 focuses primarily on the composition and duties of the Commission. The Commission shall have the authority, among other things, to inquire and investigate corruption-related offences, to file and conduct cases under this Act based on its own inquiries and investigations, to inquire into any allegation of corruption on its own initiative or upon an application filed by an aggrieved person or by any person on his/her behalf, and to perform any other work deemed necessary for the prevention of corruption, etc.
The authority to investigate and arrest
The Commission shall have the authority to summon witnesses, ensure their appearance, and question them under oath, to discover and present any document, to take testimony under oath, to issue warrants for the interrogation of witnesses and the examination of documents, and to deal with any other matter necessary to achieve the law’s goals and objectives.
In addition, the Commission may request information from any person in relation to any inquiry or investigation, and any such person is required to provide the information at his disposal.
However, the ACCA 2004 makes no provision for the resolution of possible conflicts arising from official secrets, legal and professional privilege, or banking privilege. Furthermore, the ACCA 2004 fails to state under what circumstances such privileged/protected documents will be subject to disclosure to the Commission or what safeguards will be provided for such documents when they are produced for examination by the Commission.
In order to conduct an investigation, the Commission may authorize a subordinate officer of the Commission to investigate corruption with the authority of a police station’s officer in charge.
Moreover, notwithstanding any other provision of the aforementioned ACCA 2004, if any officer empowered by the Commission has justifiable reasons to believe that a person in his/her name or in the name of others is the owner or in possession of moveable or immovable property that is not compatible with his/her known and declared sources of income, the officer may arrest that person, subject to court permission.
However, the statute does not specify the circumstances under which such a person may be arrested, nor its purpose or duration.
Declaration of attributes
If the Commission is satisfied based on its own information and necessary investigation that any person or any other person on his behalf is in possession or has obtained ownership of property not consistent with his legal sources of income, then the Commission shall, through a written order, require that person to submit a statement of assets and liabilities in the manner determined by the Commission and to furnish any other information specified in that order.
If any person, after receiving such an order, fails to submit a written statement or provide the requested information, or if that person submits a written statement or provides information that is false or fictitious, or if there are sufficient grounds to doubt their veracity, or if that person submits any book, account, record, declaration, return, or document, or if that person gives a statement that is false or fictitious, or if there are sufficient grounds to doubt its veracity,
Possession of property in proximity to the identified sources of income
If a public official is found to be in possession of property or liquid assets that he should not have received by law or that are inconsistent with the known sources of his income, then such illegal possession of assets shall be considered a corruption offense, and if proven guilty, the public official may be punished with imprisonment for a minimum of three (3) years and a maximum of ten (10) years, as well as a fine of up to ten thousand (10,000) BDT.
In addition, if it is proven during the trial of charges that the accused person in his own name or any other person on his/her behalf has obtained ownership or is in possession of moveable or immovable property inconsistent with his/her known sources of income, the court shall presume that the accused person is guilty of the charges, and unless the person rebuts that presumption in court, the punishment meted out on the basis of this presumption shall not be unlawful.
Amendments to the Anti-Corruption Commission Act of 2016
In 2016, the Bangladeshi government enacted the Anti-Corruption Commission (Amendment) Act 2016. According to the 2016 Amendment Act, Sections 408 (Criminal breach of trust by clerk or servant), 420 (Cheating and dishonestly inducing delivery of property), 462A (Penalty for negligent conduct of bank officers and employees), 462B (Penalty for defrauding banking company), 466 (Forgery of record of Court or of public register, etc.), 467 (Forgery of valuable security, will, etc.),468 (Forgery
Corruption and laundering of funds
The Money Laundering Act, 2012 (“MLA 2012”) criminalizes the illegal transfer of assets derived from “predicate offenses” from Bangladesh to any other country or vice versa, as well as the conversion of such assets with the intent to conceal the source of the earnings. In accordance with the MLA 2012, both individuals and corporations can be held accountable for bribery.
A person who violates the MLA 2012 is subject to imprisonment for a term of at least 4 (four) years and no more than 12 (twelve) years, as well as a fine equivalent to twice the value of the property involved in the offense or taka 10 (ten) lacks, whichever is greater. Nonetheless, if an entity violates the MLA 2012, it will be subject to a fine of not less than twice the value of the property or taka 20 lacs, whichever is greater, and its registration may be revoked.
Question
Answer
1. What is the legal framework for anti-corruption in Bangladesh?
The legal framework for anti-corruption in Bangladesh is primarily based on the Anti-Corruption Commission Act, 2004, which established the Anti-Corruption Commission (ACC) as an independent statutory body with the power to investigate and prosecute corruption offenses.
2. What are the penalties for corruption in Bangladesh?
The penalties for corruption in Bangladesh can range from fines to imprisonment, depending on the nature and severity of the offense. For example, under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1947, the maximum punishment for bribery is seven years imprisonment and a fine.
3. What is the legal framework for anti-money laundering in Bangladesh?
The legal framework for anti-money laundering in Bangladesh is primarily based on the Money Laundering Prevention Act, 2012, which established the Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit (BFIU) as the central agency for receiving, analyzing and disseminating financial intelligence to prevent money laundering and terrorist financing.
4. What are the penalties for money laundering in Bangladesh?
The penalties for money laundering in Bangladesh can range from fines to imprisonment, depending on the nature and severity of the offense. For example, under the Money Laundering Prevention Act, 2012, the maximum punishment for money laundering is 12 years imprisonment and a fine of BDT 1 crore (approximately USD 120,000).
5. What is the role of the Bangladesh Bank in anti-money laundering efforts?
The Bangladesh Bank is responsible for ensuring that all financial institutions in Bangladesh implement effective anti-money laundering measures, and for monitoring their compliance with the relevant laws and regulations.
Financial institutions and designated non-financial businesses and professions (DNFBPs) are required to report suspicious transactions to the BFIU, which then analyzes the information and disseminates it to relevant law enforcement agencies for further investigation.
7. What is the legal status of whistleblowers in Bangladesh?
Whistleblowers are protected under the Whistleblower Protection Act, 2011, which provides legal protection to individuals who report corruption and other illegal activities.
8. How does Bangladesh cooperate with other countries in anti-corruption and anti-money laundering efforts?
Bangladesh is a member of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) and the Egmont Group of Financial Intelligence Units, and cooperates with other countries and international organizations in sharing information and coordinating anti-corruption and anti-money laundering efforts.
9. How does the government of Bangladesh ensure the independence of anti-corruption and anti-money laundering agencies?
The Anti-Corruption Commission and the Bangladesh Financial Intelligence Unit are both established as independent statutory bodies with a mandate to operate independently of the government. The heads of these agencies are appointed by the President of Bangladesh on the recommendation of a selection committee.
Civil society organizations play an important role in raising public awareness about corruption and money laundering, advocating for reforms, and monitoring the implementation of anti-corruption and anti-money laundering measures.
Some organizations also provide support and protection to whistleblowers and other individuals who report corruption and other illegal activities.
The proper implementation of anti-corruption and anti-bribery laws will depend largely on the Commission’s role. On paper, the Commission has been granted extensive authority to combat corruption with minimal interference and obstruction. In the past, political influence has played a significant role in manipulating the Commission to meet its needs. Therefore, an impartial and independent Commission is required to eradicate corruption in Bangladesh.
The ‘Anti Corruption Commission (Amendment) Bill 2013’, which was passed on 10 November 2013 and includes a new provision requiring prior government approval to file corruption cases against public servants, is one of the loopholes in this war on corruption.
The amendment proposed a new provision in section 32 of the ACC (Anti-Corruption Commission) Act of 2004, which would require the commission to follow Rule 197 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC) when prosecuting a judge, magistrate, or public servant.
Rule 197 of the CrPC states that when a judge within the meaning of section 19 of the Penal Code, a magistrate, or a public servant who is not removable from his office except by or with the sanction of the government is accused of any offence alleged to have been committed by him while acting or purporting to act in the discharge of his official duty, no court shall take cognizance of such an offense without the prior sanction of the government.
In January 2014, however, the Honourable High Court of Bangladesh ruled that the most recent amendment was unconstitutional because it limited the authority of the ACC. A HC (High Court) division bench struck down the relevant section 32 (A) of the ACC (Amendment) Act of 2013 in response to a writ petition.
The Bangladeshi government passed the Anti-Corruption Commission (Amendment) Act in 2016. According to the Amendment Act of 2016, Section 408, 420, 462A, 462B, 466,467,468, 479, 471 and 477A of the Penal Code 1860 shall not be triable under Section 28 of the ACC Act 2004 except in cases where the alleged property is a government property, or the alleged person is a government official while discharging his official duties, bank-employees or employers, employees or employers of any financial institution.
According to the amendment, any accusations under the above-mentioned sections of the Penal Code, except in cases where the alleged property is government property or the alleged person is a government official while discharging his official duties, bank employees or employers, or employees or employers of any financial institution while discharging his official duties, shall be dealt with in accordance with standard procedure.
The Government Servant (Conduct) Rules, in addition to the ACCA 2004, the Code of Criminal Procedure, the Prevention of Corruption Act, the Penal Code, and the Money Laundering Prevention Act, play significant roles in the fight against corruption.
The Bangladeshi law firm Tahmidur Rahman Remura Wahid and its litigation department
Tahmidur Rahman Remura Wahid is an all-encompassing law firm. One of our primary areas of practice is anti-corruption law. We have a team of seasoned attorneys with extensive experience in corruption, bribery, and corporate criminal law.
We have advised and collaborated with the World Bank and IFC on the publication of multiple reports on the anti-corruption and bribery laws of Bangladesh. For various projects, we have assisted foreign law firms in conducting research on Bangladeshi anti-corruption and bribery laws (i.e. overseas corruption project of the Clifford Chance LLP).
We have represented a number of corporations, individuals, and government/public organizations in Anti-corruption Commission (ACC) proceedings involving anti-corruption and corporate criminal activity.
In addition, we have represented various corporate clients in corporate criminal proceedings before the Company Bench of the High Court Division, the Labour Court and Appeal Tribunal, and other courts of competent jurisdiction.
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Leasing Business in Bangladesh and Corporate Finance law
A leasing business model involves a company purchasing a product and then leasing it to a customer for a periodic fee. The seller transfers ownership of the item to the lessor, who is a financier who allows a buyer (the lessee) to use the item for a set period of time. Finally, the buyer has the option to purchase the item at the current market price. This agreement allows the seller to dispose of the item, the financier to profit from it, and the buyer to use it while avoiding total ownership costs.
Recognising the leasing business model
Companies that use the leasing business model sell ongoing access to a product or service for a set period of time.
Typically, three parties are involved in the model:
The seller is the owner of the product or service who trades ownership of the item for payment to a lessor. It should be noted that once the contractual agreement has expired, the seller may or may not retake possession of the item. The buyer (lessee) is the entity that bargains for access to the product or service in exchange for a periodic payment to the lessor. When the lease expires, the buyer may have the option of purchasing the item at the current market price. The financier (lessor) is a third-party who enters into an agreement with the lessee and gives it temporary possession of the item. In essence, the lessor acts as a middleman or facilitator.
Where does the leasing business model manifest itself?
The leasing business model is most common in transactions involving the exchange of valuable physical goods, such as:
Vehicles used in commercial and industrial fleets, such as passenger vans, buses, box trucks, tractors, trailers, and delivery vans.
The leasing revenue model and leasing arrangements are as follows:
The leasing model typically involves three parties: the seller, the buyer (lessee), and the financier (lessor). Ownership of an item (usually equipment) is transferred from the seller to the lessor in exchange for payment. The lessee then enters into a contract with the lessor to use the item in exchange for a monthly fee. When the leasing contract expires, the seller may or may not reclaim ownership of the item.
Industries that are suitable for leasing arrangements:
Leasing arrangements are most common in transactions involving the exchange of expensive physical goods. Leasing arrangements for the use of equipment are common in the clean technology and medical device markets.
Goods compatible with leasing contracts:
Capital equipment, medical diagnostic equipment and devices, manufacturing equipment, and physical infrastructure are examples of “big-ticket items” that can generate income through leasing arrangements.
In the leasing revenue model, the following customer relationships exist:
Leased equipment sellers rely heavily on relationship-building and providing excellent customer service. Because contracts are typically for a long period of time, repeat sales to the same customer, often a large health-care, industrial, or energy network, are critical.
Leasing’s operational implications:
Quality control is critical because leasing opportunities can only be successful with equipment that retains residual value and has proven reliability and durability over time.
Implications for strategy and finance:
Leasing revenues can assist the seller in meeting the need for early customers and early revenues, but leasing comes at the expense of the seller’s full revenue potential because revenues are split between the seller and the lessor.
Metrics of importance:
When working with leasing revenue, salespeople must concentrate on generating repeat sales in the form of lease renewals or expanded leasing arrangements. The cost of financing is also important to consider, because leasing technology typically necessitates the participation of a financial backer.
The leasing model’s advantages and disadvantages:
Leasing is an effective market expansion strategy because it allows the sale of expensive items to customers who do not want to take the risk of an outright purchase or cannot afford to pay a large upfront sum. However, because of the high transaction and processing costs associated with leasing, it is only appropriate for high-value items. Leasing agreements can also be complicated, requiring that all parties understand their ownership and payment obligations when a leasing contract is terminated or broken.
Manufacturing and industrial plant equipment –
In industries known for high item costs, leasing arrangements for stamping and forming machinery, welders, conveyor systems, and factory infrastructure or floor space may be in place. Exhaust hoods, tables, seating, point-of-sale (POS) systems, and stoves are examples of restaurant and hospitality equipment. Lasers, X-ray machines, CT scanners, and even surgical tables are examples of medical and laboratory equipment. Municipal equipment – To cut costs, many local councils and authorities lease equipment. Police cars, garbage trucks, and street sweepers are among the items.
Overview of legal entities in Bangladesh
Type of Entity
Maximum allowed foreign ownership
Minimum paid-up capital
Minimum no. of shareholders
Private Limited Company
100%
$1*
2
Public Limited Company
100%
$1*
7
Subsidiary Company
51%-100%
$1*
2
Branch Office
100%
No capital*
No shareholders
Representative Office
100%
No capital*
No shareholders
*However, if you want to hire a foreign employee, you need to make an inward remittance of US$ 50,000 beforehand.
Requirements for company registration in Bangladesh
Allowed foreign ownership
Bangladesh is extremely receptive to foreign ownership, permitting up to 100 percent foreign ownership in the majority of sectors. In certain sectors, however, government approval is required, and a few sectors restrict both domestic and foreign investment.
Similarly, other benefits include the right to purchase land and property in the name of the company, tax incentives, etc.
Minimum capital requirement
In Bangladesh, there is no official minimum capital requirement. Because of this, $1 is considered the minimum required capital contribution. To employ foreign workers, however, investors must transfer at least $50,000.
Any individual over the age of 18 may register a company. In addition, the law stipulates a minimum of two shareholders and a maximum of fifty, as well as two directors. In addition, keep in mind that you can form a joint venture with a local entity to share the benefits and reduce the risks.
#2 Public Limited Company
In contrast, a public limited company can issue shares to the general public and is typically listed on a stock exchange.
A public limited company must have at least seven members, three directors, and there is no limit on the number of shareholders. Its shareholders may be any legal entity or individual over the age of 18 who is qualified under Bangladeshi law.
It can solicit donations from the public. In addition to the Companies Act of 1994, it must also adhere to the Securities and Exchange Commission Act of 1993.
The step-by-step process of Leasing company registration in Bangladesh
The average estimated timeline of full registration in Bangladesh is 14- 28 days.
Step 1: Name clearance
First, The Registrar of Joint Stock Companies and Firms must approve your company’s name (RJSC).
Step 2: Drafting of required documents
The second step is to draft the Article of Association (AoA) and the Memorandum of Association (MoA). As part of the RSJC’s compliance requirements, you must include this form in the drafting process.
Step 3: Opening of bank account
If you plan to hire foreign employees, you must open a bank account in the proposed name of the company and make an inward remittance of at least US$ 50,000. Emerhub can help you establish the bank account.
Step 4: Submission of documents to the RSJC
This step entails submitting all required documents to the RJSC and paying the registration fees. During the standard processing time, you can also access RSJC for the incorporation certificate.
Step 5: Post-registration compliance
You now have the certificate of incorporation, Articles of Association (AoA), and Memorandum of Association (MoA), and your Bangladeshi company is newly registered.
You also need to proceed to some additional licenses and registrations:
Let’s look at some of the benefits of the leasing business model for the seller, lessee, and lessor.
Seller
Early revenue –
Leasing can assist the seller in meeting an early revenue requirement, even if some revenue must be shared with the lessee. Relationship building – Because many leasing agreements are for long periods of time, the seller has time to develop a long-term and loyal relationship with the buyer.
Lessee
Affordability is the most obvious benefit for a purchaser. Many buyers are unwilling to take the risk of owning an asset outright, while others simply cannot afford the high upfront cost. The leasing business model allows the buyer to pay in smaller monthly installments that can be planned for ahead of time. Continuous upgrades – Businesses that rely on cutting-edge technology can easily upgrade when their current lease expires. This means they will never be forced to use an obsolete model. Lessor
Increased sales –
Third-party lease financing can assist product manufacturers in increasing their sales. In these circumstances, the lessor has a stronger negotiating position with the manufacturer. Tax advantages – As the asset’s owner, the lessor can claim various tax advantages such as depreciation and investment allowance to reduce their liabilities.
Important takeaways:
A leasing business model involves a company purchasing a product and then leasing it to a customer for a periodic fee. In most leasing transactions, three parties are involved: the seller, the buyer (lessee), and the financier (lessor). The lessor buys the product from the buyer and then rents it to the lessee for a set period of time. The leasing business model provides the seller with early revenue and the opportunity to build a loyal customer base. Leasing allows the lessee to avoid the risk and cost of purchasing an item outright. The lessor may be able to negotiate a higher commission rate with the product manufacturer and thus reduce their tax liabilities.
Types of Connected Business Models and Frameworks
An effective business model must consider two aspects: the people dimension and the financial dimension. The people dimension will enable you to create a product or service that is 10X better than the competition, as well as a strong brand. The financial dimension will assist you in developing proper distribution channels by identifying people who are willing to pay for your product or service and ensuring its long-term financial viability.
Business model innovation is the process of increasing an organization’s success with existing products and technologies by developing a compelling value proposition capable of propelling a new business model to scale up customers and create a sustainable competitive advantage. And it all starts with mastering the most important customers.
FAQ about Leasing Business in Bangladesh:
Question
Answer
What is leasing?
Leasing is a financial contract in which one party (lessor) provides the use of an asset to another party (lessee) for a specified period in exchange for periodic payments.
Is leasing a popular business model in Bangladesh?
Yes, leasing is a popular business model in Bangladesh, especially in the areas of transport, equipment, and real estate.
What are the benefits of leasing for businesses?
Leasing provides businesses with access to assets without having to pay the full cost upfront, thereby conserving their capital. It also provides flexibility in terms of upgrading or changing equipment and helps to manage cash flows.
To start a leasing business in Bangladesh, a company needs to be registered with the Registrar of Joint Stock Companies and Firms. It also needs to obtain a license from the Bangladesh Bank, the central bank of Bangladesh.
The primary legislation governing leasing in Bangladesh is the Financial Institutions Act 1993, which regulates non-bank financial institutions, including leasing companies. Other relevant laws include the Companies Act 1994, the Income Tax Ordinance 1984, and the Contract Act 1872.
What is the tax treatment for leasing in Bangladesh?
Leasing transactions are subject to value-added tax (VAT) and income tax in Bangladesh. The rate of VAT is currently 15%, while the income tax rate for leasing companies is 42.5%.
Disputes in leasing agreements in Bangladesh can be resolved through litigation or alternative dispute resolution methods such as arbitration or mediation. The relevant laws and regulations provide guidelines for resolving disputes in leasing agreements.
Are there any challenges or limitations to leasing in Bangladesh?
One of the main challenges for leasing in Bangladesh is the lack of awareness and understanding among potential customers about the concept of leasing. There is also a lack of standardization and transparency in the industry, which can make it difficult for customers to compare different leasing options. Additionally, regulatory requirements and bureaucratic procedures can make it challenging for companies to start and operate a leasing business.
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ব্যাংক হিসাবের চেক দ্বারা প্রতারণা বা চেক ডিজঅনারের মামলা
একজন ব্যক্তি অন্য কোন ব্যক্তি বা প্রতিষ্ঠান থেকে বিভিন্নভাবে প্রতারিত হতে পারে। তার মধ্যে একটি হচ্ছে চেক প্রতারণা। চেক একটি বিনিময়যোগ্য দলিল। বিনিময়যোগ্য দলিল হিসেবে ব্যক্তি একে অপর কে বা এক প্রতিষ্ঠান অন্য আরেক প্রতিষ্ঠান কে নির্দিষ্ট সেবা বা পন্যের বিনিময়ে প্রাপ্য মূল্য বা জামানত হিসেবে চেক প্রদান করতে পারেন। চেক প্রদানের ক্ষেত্রে অনেকে দূরবিসন্ধি মূলক চেক প্রদান করে থাকেন।
অর্থাৎ অপর পক্ষ কে তার প্রাপ্য অর্থ অথবা বিনিময় মূল্য না দিতে প্রতারণার আশ্রয় গ্রহণ করেন। এই প্রতারণা প্রতিনিয়ত ঘটে চলেছে। কিভাবে একজন ব্যক্তি চেক এর মাধ্যমে প্রতারিত হতে পারেন এবং চেক এর মাধ্যমে প্রতারিত হলে করনীয় কি বা কি পদ্ধতিতে প্রতিকার পাওয়া যায় সে বিষয়ে বিস্তারিত আলোচনা করার চেষ্টা করবো এই অনুচ্ছেদ এর মাধ্যমে।
চেক এর মাধ্যমে কিভাবে প্রতারিত হতে পারেন তা জেনে নিই – চেক প্রদানকৃত ব্যক্তির ব্যাংক হিসেবে টাকা না রেখে বা চেকে উল্লেখিত টাকার অংকের চেয়ে ব্যাংক হিসেবে টাকা কম রাখা অর্থাৎ অপর্যাপ্ত তহবিল, চেক প্রদান করে ব্যাংক হিসাব বন্ধ করে দেওয়া বা ব্যাংক কে Stop Pay Instruction দিয়ে রাখা, চেকের নির্দিষ্ট স্বাক্ষর ব্যতিত ভিন্ন স্বাক্ষর দেওয়া অর্থাৎ ত্রুটিপূর্ন স্বাক্ষর, চেকে উল্লেখিত টাকার অংক কে অন্য কোন সংখ্যা সংযুক্ত করার মাধ্যমে, চেকে টাকার পরিমাণ অংক ও কথায় ভিন্নভাবে লেখা, কোন কিছুর বিনিময়ে জামানত হিসেবে খালি চেক প্রদান করা বা জামানত হিসেবে প্রদানকৃত চেক ফেরত চাইলে তা না দিয়ে প্রতারণা করতে পারেন যে কেউ।
এছাড়াও ব্যাংকিং ক্ষেত্রে ঋণের বিপরীতে সিকিউরিটি হিসেবে নেওয়া চেক এর কারণেও আপনি বিপদে পড়তে পারেন।
চেক ডিজঅনার বা চেক দ্বারা প্রতারিত হলে করনীয় কি?
চেক দ্বারা প্রতারিত হলে প্রথম যে কাজটা করা যায় তা হচ্ছে স্থানীয়ভাবে মীমাংসার চেষ্ঠা করা। স্থানীয়ভাবে মীমাংসা না হলে একজন বিজ্ঞ অ্যাডভোকেট এর শরণাপন্ন হওয়া।
চেক মামলা থেকে বাচার উপায়
চেক দ্বারা প্রতারণা একটি শাস্তিযোগ্য অপরাধ। চেক দ্বারা প্রতারিত হলে ক্ষেত্র বিশেষে দুই ভাবে প্রতিকার পাওয়া যায় । প্রথমত বিশেষ আইন – The Instrument Act 1881(হস্তান্তরযোগ্য দলিল আইন ১৮৮১) এর ১৩৮ ধারা অনুযায়ী এবং দ্বিতীয়ত মূল আইন – The Penal Code 1860 (দণ্ডবিধি ১৮৬০) এর ৪০৬ ও ৪২০ ধারা অনুযায়ী।
বিশেষ আইন – The Instrument Act 1881(হস্তান্তরযোগ্য দলিল আইন ১৮৮১) এর ১৩৮ ধারা অনুযায়ী কিভাবে প্রতিকার পেতে পারি তা জেনে নিই।
প্রথমত, প্রদানকৃত চেক টি অবশ্যই চেকে উল্লেখিত তারিখের ৬ মাসের মধ্যে ব্যাংকে উপস্থাপন করতে হবে এবং ব্যাংক কর্তৃক উক্ত চেকটি প্রত্যখাত (প্রত্যাখানের লিখিত বিবরণ সহ) হতে হবে।
দ্বিতীয়ত, চেকটি ব্যাংক থেকে প্রত্যাখাত হয়ে ফেরত আসার ৩০ দিনের মধ্যে একজন বিজ্ঞ অ্যাডভোকেট এর মাধ্যমে আইনগত (লিগ্যাল) নোটিশ প্রদান করতে হবে চেক দাতা বরাবরে। নোটিশ পাওয়ার ৩০ দিনের মধ্যে চেকদাতা যদি চেকগ্রহীতাকে অর্থ পরিশোধ করতে ব্যর্থ হয় তাহলে পরবর্তী ৩০ দিনের মধ্যে চেকগ্রহীতা চেকদাতার বিরুদ্ধে মামলা করতে পারবেন। অর্থাৎ চেকগ্রহীতার চেক প্রত্যাখাত হওয়ার পর থেকে ৩০+৩০+৩০ =৯০ দিন সময় পাবেন একটি চেক প্রত্যাখানের ( ডিজঅনার ) মামলা করার জন্য।
তৃতীয়ত, চেক প্রত্যাখানের (ডিজঅনার) মামলা করতে হয় নালিশী মামলার মাধ্যমে। অর্থাৎ চেক ডিজঅনার এর মামলা শুধুমাত্র আদালতে করা যাবে। কোনভাবে থানায় করা যাবে না।
চেক ডিজঅনার মামলারলিগ্যালনোটিশদেওয়ারপদ্ধতিঃ
ব্যাংক অ্যাকাউন্টে প্রর্যাপ্ত টাকা না থাকায় চেক ডিজঅনারে হলে ৩০ দিন এর মাঝে চেক দাতাকে টকা পরিশোধের জন্য লিগ্যাল নোটিশ প্রদান করতে হবে। লিগ্যাল নোটিশ তিন ভাবে দেওয়া যেতে পারে।
নোটিশ গ্রহিতার হাতে সরাসরি নোটিশ প্রদান করে।
ডাকযোগে চেক প্রদানকারীর ঠিকানায় এবং সর্বশেষ বসবাসের ঠিকানায় প্রাপ্তি স্বীকারপত্র সহ নোটিশ প্রদান করে।
সর্বশেষ কোনো জাতীয় বাংলা দৈনিকে নোটিশটি বিজ্ঞপ্তি আকারে প্রকাশ করে।এ তিন পদ্ধতির যে কোন একটা পদ্ধতি অনুসরণ করলে হবে।
অর্থাৎ চেকটি যে ব্যাঙ্ক বা অন্যান্য আর্থিক প্রতিষ্ঠানে আঁকা হয়েছে তাকে মেইল করে বা একটি চিঠি পাঠানোর মাধ্যমে একজন ব্যক্তি চেক অসম্মানের মামলার আইনি নোটিশ দিতে পারেন। এই চিঠিতে অবশ্যই উল্লেখ করতে হবে যে ব্যাঙ্ক বা অন্য আর্থিক প্রতিষ্ঠান চেকটি পরিশোধ করেনি এবং নোটিশের কারণ ব্যাখ্যা করতে হবে।
আপনার ব্যাঙ্ক অ্যাকাউন্টে পর্যাপ্ত টাকা না থাকার কারণে যদি একটি চেক সম্মানিত না হয়, তাহলে আপনি তিনটি উপায়ে আইনি নোটিশ পাবেন। আপনি একটি চিঠি পাঠাতে পারেন, পোস্ট করতে পারেন বা চেক পেয়েছেন এমন ব্যক্তিকে দিতে পারেন।
ডাক পরিষেবা প্রাপকের ঠিকানায় নোটিশ প্রদান করে। চেকের ড্রয়ার এবং নোটিশ প্রাপ্ত ব্যক্তির সর্বশেষ পরিচিত ঠিকানা উভয়ই নোটিশে তালিকাভুক্ত করা হয়েছে। জাতীয় বাংলা পত্রিকা বিজ্ঞপ্তিটি বিজ্ঞপ্তি প্রকাশ করে।
চেকডিজঅনারেরমামলায়অপরাধেরশাস্তিঃ
সকল সাক্ষ্য প্রমান, জেরা, যুক্তিতর্কের পর আদালত রায় প্রদান করবেন। অপরাধ প্রমান হলে আইন অনুসারে শাস্তি হিসেবে এক বছর কারাদন্ড অথবা চেকে উল্লেখিত অর্থের তিনগুণ পর্যন্ত অর্থদন্ড অথবা উভয় দন্ডে দন্ডিত করতে পারেন।
৩। লিগ্যাল নোটিশ প্রেরনের ডাক রশিদ এবং এ.ডি এর ফটোকপি।
৪। মূল চেকের ফটোকপি।
৫। ডিসঅনার স্লিপ এর ফটোকপি।
৬। অন্যান্য প্রয়োজনীয় কাগজ পত্র।
মামলা দায়েরঃ
ম্যাজিস্ট্রেট আদালতে মামলা দায়েরের পর ম্যাজিস্ট্রেট মামলা আমলে নিয়ে বিবাদী বরাবর সমন ইস্যু করবেন। ম্যাজিস্ট্রেট কর্তৃক ইস্যুকৃত সমন অনুযায়ী বিবাদী যদি হাজির না হয় তাহলে পেপারে বিজ্ঞপ্তি দিবেন তারপরও হাজির না হলে ওয়ারেন্ট দিবেন এবং আসামী ধৃত হলে বা সমন অনুযায়ী হাজির হলে মামলাটি বিচারের জন্য প্রস্তুত হয়ে যাবে এবং ম্যাজিস্ট্রেট মামলাটি বিচারের জন্য যুগ্ন দায়রা জজের নিকট পাঠিয়ে দিবেন।
যুগ্ন দায়রা জজ কর্তৃক বিচারকালে চেক প্রতারণার বিষয়টি প্রমাণিত হলে শাস্তি হিসেবে দিতে পারেন সর্বোচ্চ ১ বৎসর পর্যন্ত কারাদণ্ড অথবা চেকের সমপরিমাণ বা তিনগুন অর্থদন্ড অথবা ঊভয়দন্ড । এইখানে একটা প্রশ্ন থেকে যায় তা হচ্ছে – চেকে উল্লেখিত অর্থের ২ (দুই) বা ৩ (তিন) গুন অর্থ যদি জরিমানা বা অর্থদণ্ড প্রদান করেন তাহলে চেকে উল্লেখিত অর্থের অতিরিক্ত টাকাগুলো কে পাবেন! তার উত্তর হচ্ছে – অতিরিক্ত টাকা গুলো সরকারি কোষাগারে জমা হবে।
আপীলঃ যুগ্ন দায়রা জজ কর্তৃক প্রদানকৃত শাস্তির বিরুদ্ধে আপীল করতে হবে দায়রা জজ আদালতে। তবে হস্তান্তরযোগ্য দলিল আইন ১৮৮১ এর ১৩৮ (ক) ধারা মোতাবেক আপীল দায়েরের পূর্বশর্ত হচ্ছে চেকে উল্লেখিত পরিমাণ অংকের কমপক্ষে ৫০% অর্থ আদালতের অনুকূলে জমা দিতে হবে। ৫০% অর্থ জমা ব্যতিত আপীল করা যাবে না। এবং ফৌজদারী কার্যবিধি ১৮৯৮ এর ৪০৮ ধারা মোতাবেক আপীল দায়ের এর নিয়মগুলো অনুসরণ করতে হবে। ৪০৮ ধারার নিয়ম অনুসারে ৩০ দিনের মধ্যে আপীল দায়ের করতে হবে দায়রা জজ আদালতে।
অন্যদিকে চেকের নির্দিষ্ট মেয়াদ শেষ হয়ে গেলে বা উপরে উল্লেখিত বিশেষ আইন অনুসারে মামলা করা সম্ভব না হলে তখন উপায় কি? এই ক্ষেত্রে কি প্রতারণার শিকার হওয়া ব্যক্তি আইনগত প্রতিকার থেকে বঞ্চিত হবেন? না। প্রতারণার শিকার হওয়া ব্যক্তি আইনগত প্রতিকার থেকে বঞ্চিত হবেন না। তিনি মূল আইন অর্থাৎ The Penal Code 1860 (দণ্ডবিধি ১৮৬০) এর ৪০৬ ও ৪২০ ধারা অনুযায়ী ম্যাজিস্ট্রেট আদালতে প্রতারণার মামলা করতে পারবেন। উক্ত আইন এর ৪০৬ ধারা অনুযায়ী ৩ বৎসর পর্যন্ত এবং ৪২০ ধারা অনুযায়ী সর্বোচ্চ ৭ বৎসর পর্যন্ত কারাদণ্ড বা অর্থদন্ড অথবা উভয় দন্ডে দন্ডিত হবেন। উক্ত দুইটি ধারায় থানায় এবং ম্যাজিস্ট্রেট আদালতে উভয় স্থানে মামলা করা যাবে।
চেক ডিজঅনারের মামলায় বাদীকে (যিনি প্রতারিত হয়েছেন ) অনেক বিষয় প্রমান করতে হয় এবং সে সকল বিষয় প্রমান করতে পারলে আসামীকে শাস্তি দেওয়া যাবে ।
১। আসামী বাদীকে চেক প্রদান করেছে ।
২। ঋণ বা দায়-দেনা পরিশোধের জন্য আসামী বাদীকে চেক প্রদান করেছে।
৩। ঋণ বা দায়-দেনা আসামী আইনুগভাবে পরিশোধ যোগ্য।
৪। ব্যাংক অ্যাকাউন্টে প্রর্যাপ্ত টাকা না থাকায় চেক ডিজঅনার হয়েছে।
৫। চেক ডিজঅনারে সময় থেকে ৩০ দিন এর মাঝে আসামীকে টাকা পরিশোধের জন্য
লিগ্যাল নোটিশ প্রদান করা হয়েছে।
৬। আসামী নোটিশ প্রাপ্তির ৩০ দিনের ভিতরে চেকে উল্লেখিত টাকা বাদীকে পরিশোধ ব্যর্থ হয়েছে।
৭। আসামী ব্যাবসায়িক লেনদেনের কারনে বাদীকে চেক প্রদান করলে বাদীকে আসামীর সাথে তার ব্যাবসায়িক সম্পর্ক ছিল প্রমান করতে হবে।
চেকডিজঅনারেরমামলায়বাদী/আসামীমৃত্যুহলেঃ
অনেক বিশ্বাস করে যে চেক ডিসঅনার মামলার বাদী/বিবাদীর একজন মারা গেলে মামলাটি শেষ হয়ে যায়। এটি ধারা 138 এর অধীনে চেক অসম্মানের ক্ষেত্রে সত্য নয়। একটি চেক অসম্মান মামলা অন্যান্য সমস্ত ফৌজদারি মামলা থেকে সামান্য আলাদা এবং একটি দেওয়ানী বিষয় হিসাবে, বাদী বা বিবাদীর মৃত্যুর সাথে শেষ হয় না। বাদীর মৃত্যুর পর তার আইনগত প্রতিনিধি বাদীর সাক্ষী হিসেবে মামলা পরিচালনা করতে পারবেন। মামলা চলাকালীন আসামি মারা গেলে মামলাটি সংশোধন করে মামলা চলতে পারে। যদি মামলা চলমান থাকে বা মামলা দায়েরের আগেই বিবাদীর মৃত্যু হয়, বাদীর একমাত্র প্রতিকার হল বিবাদীর আইনী প্রতিনিধির বিরুদ্ধে দেওয়ানী আদালতে একটি পুনরুদ্ধার মামলা দায়ের করা।
চেকডিজঅনারেরমামলায়আপিলঃ
আদালতের রায়ের পরে চেকডিজঅনারেরমামলায়আপিল করার সুযোগ রয়েছে। ১৩৮ ধারায় চেক ডিজঅনার মামলায় প্রদও দন্ডাদেশের বিরুদ্ধে আপীল করা যাবে। দায়রা জজ অথবা অতিরিক্ত দায়রা জজের দন্ডাদেশের বিরুদ্ধে হাইকোর্ট বিভাগে আপীল দায়ের করতে হবে এবং যুগ্ম দায়রা জজের দণ্ডাদেশের বিরুদ্ধে দায়রা জজের নিকট আপীল করা যাবে।
চেকডিজঅনারেরমামলায়আপীলকরারপূর্বশর্তঃ
১৩৮ ধারায় চেক ডিজঅনার মামলায় প্রদও দন্ডাদেশের বিরুদ্ধে আপীল করা্র আগে দন্ডাদেশের উল্লেখিত অর্থের ৫০% আদালতে জমা দিয়ে আপীল করতে হবে। ৫০% টাকা বিচারিক আদালতে জমা দিতে হবে অর্থাৎ যে আদালত শাস্তি প্রদান করেছেন সে আদালতে টাকা জমা দিতে হবে।
তাহমিদুর রহমান রিমুরা টি এল এস ল ফার্ম কর্তৃক চেকডিজঅনারেরমামলায় আইনী সেবা:
তাহমিদুর রহমান রিমুরা টি এল এস ল ফার্ম একটি সনামধন্য ‘ল’ চেম্বার যেখানে ব্যারিস্টারস , আইনজীবীর মাধ্যমে সকল বিষয়ে আইনগত সহায়তা, পরামর্শ প্রদান করে থাকে। কোম্পানির শেয়ার হস্তান্তর জন্য যে কোন প্রশ্ন বা আইনী সহায়তার জন্য আমাদের সাথে যোগাযোগ করুনঃ-
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