চেক ডিজঅনারের মামলা

by Barrister Tahmidur Rahman | Feb 14, 2023 | 2023, Law

ব্যাংক হিসাবের চেক দ্বারা প্রতারণা বা চেক ডিজঅনারের মামলা  

একজন ব্যক্তি অন্য কোন ব্যক্তি বা প্রতিষ্ঠান থেকে বিভিন্নভাবে প্রতারিত হতে পারে। তার মধ্যে একটি হচ্ছে চেক প্রতারণা। চেক একটি বিনিময়যোগ্য দলিল। বিনিময়যোগ্য দলিল হিসেবে ব্যক্তি একে অপর কে বা এক প্রতিষ্ঠান অন্য আরেক প্রতিষ্ঠান কে নির্দিষ্ট সেবা বা পন্যের বিনিময়ে  প্রাপ্য মূল্য বা জামানত হিসেবে চেক প্রদান করতে পারেন। চেক প্রদানের ক্ষেত্রে অনেকে দূরবিসন্ধি মূলক চেক প্রদান করে থাকেন।

অর্থাৎ অপর পক্ষ কে তার প্রাপ্য অর্থ  অথবা বিনিময় মূল্য না দিতে প্রতারণার আশ্রয় গ্রহণ করেন। এই প্রতারণা প্রতিনিয়ত ঘটে চলেছে। কিভাবে একজন ব্যক্তি চেক এর মাধ্যমে প্রতারিত হতে পারেন এবং চেক এর মাধ্যমে প্রতারিত হলে করনীয় কি বা কি পদ্ধতিতে প্রতিকার পাওয়া যায় সে বিষয়ে বিস্তারিত আলোচনা করার চেষ্টা করবো এই অনুচ্ছেদ এর মাধ্যমে।

চেক এর মাধ্যমে কিভাবে প্রতারিত হতে পারেন তা জেনে নিই – চেক প্রদানকৃত ব্যক্তির ব্যাংক হিসেবে টাকা না রেখে বা চেকে উল্লেখিত টাকার অংকের চেয়ে ব্যাংক হিসেবে টাকা কম রাখা অর্থাৎ অপর্যাপ্ত তহবিল, চেক প্রদান করে ব্যাংক হিসাব বন্ধ করে দেওয়া বা ব্যাংক কে Stop Pay Instruction দিয়ে রাখা, চেকের নির্দিষ্ট স্বাক্ষর ব্যতিত ভিন্ন স্বাক্ষর দেওয়া অর্থাৎ ত্রুটিপূর্ন স্বাক্ষর, চেকে উল্লেখিত টাকার অংক কে অন্য কোন সংখ্যা সংযুক্ত করার মাধ্যমে, চেকে টাকার পরিমাণ  অংক ও কথায় ভিন্নভাবে লেখা, কোন কিছুর বিনিময়ে জামানত হিসেবে খালি চেক প্রদান করা বা জামানত হিসেবে প্রদানকৃত চেক ফেরত চাইলে তা না দিয়ে প্রতারণা করতে পারেন যে কেউ।

এছাড়াও ব্যাংকিং ক্ষেত্রে ঋণের বিপরীতে সিকিউরিটি হিসেবে নেওয়া চেক এর কারণেও আপনি বিপদে পড়তে পারেন। 

চেক ডিজঅনার বা চেক দ্বারা প্রতারিত হলে করনীয় কি? 

চেক দ্বারা প্রতারিত হলে প্রথম যে কাজটা করা যায় তা হচ্ছে স্থানীয়ভাবে মীমাংসার চেষ্ঠা করা। স্থানীয়ভাবে মীমাংসা না হলে একজন বিজ্ঞ অ্যাডভোকেট এর শরণাপন্ন হওয়া। 

চেক মামলা থেকে বাচার উপায়

চেক দ্বারা প্রতারণা একটি শাস্তিযোগ্য অপরাধ। চেক দ্বারা প্রতারিত হলে ক্ষেত্র বিশেষে দুই ভাবে প্রতিকার পাওয়া যায় । প্রথমত বিশেষ আইন – The Instrument Act 1881(হস্তান্তরযোগ্য দলিল আইন ১৮৮১) এর ১৩৮ ধারা অনুযায়ী এবং দ্বিতীয়ত মূল আইন – The Penal Code 1860 (দণ্ডবিধি ১৮৬০) এর ৪০৬ ও ৪২০ ধারা অনুযায়ী।

বিশেষ আইন – The Instrument Act 1881(হস্তান্তরযোগ্য দলিল আইন ১৮৮১) এর ১৩৮ ধারা অনুযায়ী কিভাবে প্রতিকার পেতে পারি তা জেনে নিই। 

প্রথমত, প্রদানকৃত চেক টি অবশ্যই চেকে উল্লেখিত তারিখের ৬ মাসের মধ্যে ব্যাংকে উপস্থাপন করতে হবে এবং ব্যাংক কর্তৃক উক্ত চেকটি  প্রত্যখাত (প্রত্যাখানের লিখিত বিবরণ সহ) হতে হবে।

দ্বিতীয়ত, চেকটি ব্যাংক থেকে প্রত্যাখাত হয়ে ফেরত আসার ৩০ দিনের মধ্যে একজন বিজ্ঞ অ্যাডভোকেট এর মাধ্যমে আইনগত (লিগ্যাল) নোটিশ প্রদান করতে হবে চেক দাতা বরাবরে। নোটিশ পাওয়ার ৩০ দিনের মধ্যে চেকদাতা যদি চেকগ্রহীতাকে অর্থ পরিশোধ করতে ব্যর্থ হয় তাহলে পরবর্তী ৩০ দিনের মধ্যে চেকগ্রহীতা চেকদাতার বিরুদ্ধে মামলা করতে পারবেন। অর্থাৎ চেকগ্রহীতার চেক প্রত্যাখাত হওয়ার পর থেকে ৩০+৩০+৩০ =৯০ দিন সময় পাবেন একটি চেক প্রত্যাখানের ( ডিজঅনার ) মামলা করার জন্য। 

তৃতীয়ত, চেক প্রত্যাখানের (ডিজঅনার) মামলা করতে হয় নালিশী মামলার মাধ্যমে। অর্থাৎ চেক ডিজঅনার এর মামলা শুধুমাত্র আদালতে করা যাবে। কোনভাবে থানায় করা যাবে না।  

চেক ডিজঅনার মামলার লিগ্যাল নোটিশ দেওয়ার পদ্ধতিঃ

ব্যাংক অ্যাকাউন্টে প্রর্যাপ্ত টাকা না থাকায় চেক ডিজঅনারে হলে ৩০ দিন এর মাঝে চেক দাতাকে টকা পরিশোধের জন্য লিগ্যাল নোটিশ প্রদান করতে হবে। লিগ্যাল নোটিশ তিন ভাবে দেওয়া যেতে পারে।

• নোটিশ গ্রহিতার হাতে সরাসরি নোটিশ প্রদান করে।
• ডাকযোগে চেক প্রদানকারীর ঠিকানায় এবং সর্বশেষ বসবাসের ঠিকানায় প্রাপ্তি স্বীকারপত্র সহ নোটিশ প্রদান করে।
• সর্বশেষ কোনো জাতীয় বাংলা দৈনিকে নোটিশটি বিজ্ঞপ্তি আকারে প্রকাশ করে।এ তিন পদ্ধতির যে কোন একটা পদ্ধতি অনুসরণ করলে হবে। 

অর্থাৎ চেকটি যে ব্যাঙ্ক বা অন্যান্য আর্থিক প্রতিষ্ঠানে আঁকা হয়েছে তাকে মেইল ​​করে বা একটি চিঠি পাঠানোর মাধ্যমে একজন ব্যক্তি চেক অসম্মানের মামলার আইনি নোটিশ দিতে পারেন। এই চিঠিতে অবশ্যই উল্লেখ করতে হবে যে ব্যাঙ্ক বা অন্য আর্থিক প্রতিষ্ঠান চেকটি পরিশোধ করেনি এবং নোটিশের কারণ ব্যাখ্যা করতে হবে।

আপনার ব্যাঙ্ক অ্যাকাউন্টে পর্যাপ্ত টাকা না থাকার কারণে যদি একটি চেক সম্মানিত না হয়, তাহলে আপনি তিনটি উপায়ে আইনি নোটিশ পাবেন। আপনি একটি চিঠি পাঠাতে পারেন, পোস্ট করতে পারেন বা চেক পেয়েছেন এমন ব্যক্তিকে দিতে পারেন।

ডাক পরিষেবা প্রাপকের ঠিকানায় নোটিশ প্রদান করে। চেকের ড্রয়ার এবং নোটিশ প্রাপ্ত ব্যক্তির সর্বশেষ পরিচিত ঠিকানা উভয়ই নোটিশে তালিকাভুক্ত করা হয়েছে। জাতীয় বাংলা পত্রিকা বিজ্ঞপ্তিটি বিজ্ঞপ্তি প্রকাশ করে।

চেক ডিজঅনারের মামলায় অপরাধের শাস্তিঃ

সকল সাক্ষ্য প্রমান, জেরা, যুক্তিতর্কের পর আদালত রায় প্রদান করবেন। অপরাধ প্রমান হলে আইন অনুসারে শাস্তি হিসেবে এক বছর কারাদন্ড অথবা চেকে উল্লেখিত অর্থের তিনগুণ পর্যন্ত অর্থদন্ড অথবা উভয় দন্ডে দন্ডিত করতে পারেন।

চেক ডিজঅনার মামলার করার জন্য যে সকল কাগজ প্রত্র আদালতে দাখিল করতে হবেঃ 

১। মামলার আরজী/ দরখাস্ত।

২। লিগ্যাল নোটিশ এর ফটোকপি ।

৩। লিগ্যাল নোটিশ প্রেরনের ডাক রশিদ এবং এ.ডি এর ফটোকপি।

৪। মূল চেকের ফটোকপি।

৫। ডিসঅনার স্লিপ এর ফটোকপি।

৬। অন্যান্য প্রয়োজনীয় কাগজ পত্র।

মামলা দায়েরঃ 

ম্যাজিস্ট্রেট আদালতে মামলা দায়েরের পর ম্যাজিস্ট্রেট মামলা আমলে নিয়ে বিবাদী বরাবর সমন ইস্যু করবেন। ম্যাজিস্ট্রেট কর্তৃক ইস্যুকৃত সমন অনুযায়ী বিবাদী যদি হাজির না হয় তাহলে পেপারে বিজ্ঞপ্তি দিবেন তারপরও হাজির না হলে ওয়ারেন্ট দিবেন এবং আসামী ধৃত হলে বা সমন অনুযায়ী হাজির হলে মামলাটি বিচারের জন্য প্রস্তুত হয়ে যাবে এবং ম্যাজিস্ট্রেট মামলাটি বিচারের জন্য যুগ্ন দায়রা জজের নিকট পাঠিয়ে দিবেন। 

যুগ্ন দায়রা জজ কর্তৃক বিচারকালে চেক প্রতারণার বিষয়টি প্রমাণিত হলে শাস্তি হিসেবে দিতে পারেন সর্বোচ্চ ১ বৎসর পর্যন্ত কারাদণ্ড অথবা চেকের সমপরিমাণ বা তিনগুন অর্থদন্ড অথবা ঊভয়দন্ড । এইখানে একটা প্রশ্ন থেকে যায় তা হচ্ছে – চেকে উল্লেখিত অর্থের ২ (দুই) বা ৩ (তিন) গুন অর্থ যদি জরিমানা বা অর্থদণ্ড প্রদান করেন তাহলে চেকে উল্লেখিত অর্থের অতিরিক্ত টাকাগুলো কে পাবেন! তার উত্তর হচ্ছে – অতিরিক্ত টাকা গুলো সরকারি কোষাগারে জমা হবে। 

আপীলঃ যুগ্ন দায়রা জজ কর্তৃক প্রদানকৃত শাস্তির বিরুদ্ধে আপীল করতে হবে দায়রা জজ আদালতে। তবে হস্তান্তরযোগ্য দলিল আইন ১৮৮১ এর ১৩৮ (ক) ধারা মোতাবেক আপীল দায়েরের পূর্বশর্ত হচ্ছে চেকে উল্লেখিত পরিমাণ অংকের কমপক্ষে ৫০% অর্থ আদালতের অনুকূলে জমা দিতে হবে। ৫০% অর্থ জমা ব্যতিত আপীল করা যাবে না। এবং ফৌজদারী কার্যবিধি ১৮৯৮ এর ৪০৮ ধারা মোতাবেক আপীল দায়ের এর নিয়মগুলো অনুসরণ করতে হবে। ৪০৮ ধারার নিয়ম অনুসারে ৩০ দিনের মধ্যে আপীল দায়ের করতে হবে দায়রা জজ আদালতে। 

অন্যদিকে চেকের নির্দিষ্ট মেয়াদ শেষ হয়ে গেলে বা উপরে উল্লেখিত বিশেষ আইন অনুসারে মামলা করা সম্ভব না হলে তখন উপায় কি? এই ক্ষেত্রে কি প্রতারণার শিকার হওয়া ব্যক্তি আইনগত প্রতিকার থেকে বঞ্চিত হবেন? না। প্রতারণার শিকার হওয়া ব্যক্তি আইনগত প্রতিকার থেকে বঞ্চিত হবেন না। তিনি মূল আইন  অর্থাৎ The Penal Code 1860 (দণ্ডবিধি ১৮৬০) এর ৪০৬ ও ৪২০ ধারা অনুযায়ী ম্যাজিস্ট্রেট আদালতে প্রতারণার মামলা করতে পারবেন। উক্ত আইন এর ৪০৬ ধারা অনুযায়ী ৩ বৎসর পর্যন্ত এবং ৪২০ ধারা অনুযায়ী সর্বোচ্চ ৭ বৎসর পর্যন্ত কারাদণ্ড বা অর্থদন্ড অথবা উভয় দন্ডে দন্ডিত হবেন।   উক্ত দুইটি ধারায় থানায় এবং ম্যাজিস্ট্রেট আদালতে উভয় স্থানে মামলা করা যাবে। 

চেক ডিজঅনার মামলায় আপনাকে(বাদীকে) যে সকল বিষয় প্রমান করতে হবেঃ

চেক ডিজঅনারের মামলায় বাদীকে (যিনি প্রতারিত হয়েছেন ) অনেক বিষয় প্রমান করতে হয় এবং সে সকল বিষয় প্রমান করতে পারলে আসামীকে শাস্তি দেওয়া যাবে ।

১। আসামী বাদীকে চেক প্রদান করেছে ।

২। ঋণ বা দায়-দেনা পরিশোধের জন্য আসামী বাদীকে চেক প্রদান করেছে।

৩। ঋণ বা দায়-দেনা আসামী আইনুগভাবে পরিশোধ যোগ্য।

৪। ব্যাংক অ্যাকাউন্টে প্রর্যাপ্ত টাকা না থাকায় চেক ডিজঅনার হয়েছে।

৫। চেক ডিজঅনারে সময় থেকে ৩০ দিন এর মাঝে আসামীকে টাকা পরিশোধের জন্য

লিগ্যাল নোটিশ প্রদান করা হয়েছে।

৬। আসামী নোটিশ প্রাপ্তির ৩০ দিনের ভিতরে চেকে উল্লেখিত টাকা বাদীকে পরিশোধ ব্যর্থ হয়েছে।

৭। আসামী ব্যাবসায়িক লেনদেনের কারনে বাদীকে চেক প্রদান করলে বাদীকে আসামীর সাথে  তার ব্যাবসায়িক সম্পর্ক ছিল প্রমান করতে হবে।

চেক ডিজঅনারের মামলায় বাদী/আসামী মৃত্যু হলেঃ

অনেক বিশ্বাস করে যে চেক ডিসঅনার মামলার বাদী/বিবাদীর একজন মারা গেলে মামলাটি শেষ হয়ে যায়। এটি ধারা 138 এর অধীনে চেক অসম্মানের ক্ষেত্রে সত্য নয়। একটি চেক অসম্মান মামলা অন্যান্য সমস্ত ফৌজদারি মামলা থেকে সামান্য আলাদা এবং একটি দেওয়ানী বিষয় হিসাবে, বাদী বা বিবাদীর মৃত্যুর সাথে শেষ হয় না। বাদীর মৃত্যুর পর তার আইনগত প্রতিনিধি বাদীর সাক্ষী হিসেবে মামলা পরিচালনা করতে পারবেন। মামলা চলাকালীন আসামি মারা গেলে মামলাটি সংশোধন করে মামলা চলতে পারে। যদি মামলা চলমান থাকে বা মামলা দায়েরের আগেই বিবাদীর মৃত্যু হয়, বাদীর একমাত্র প্রতিকার হল বিবাদীর আইনী প্রতিনিধির বিরুদ্ধে দেওয়ানী আদালতে একটি পুনরুদ্ধার মামলা দায়ের করা।

চেক ডিজঅনারের মামলায় আপিলঃ

আদালতের রায়ের পরে চেক ডিজঅনারের মামলায় আপিল করার সুযোগ রয়েছে। ১৩৮ ধারায় চেক ডিজঅনার মামলায় প্রদও দন্ডাদেশের বিরুদ্ধে আপীল করা যাবে। দায়রা জজ অথবা অতিরিক্ত দায়রা জজের দন্ডাদেশের বিরুদ্ধে হাইকোর্ট বিভাগে আপীল দায়ের করতে হবে এবং যুগ্ম দায়রা জজের দণ্ডাদেশের বিরুদ্ধে দায়রা জজের নিকট আপীল করা যাবে।

চেক ডিজঅনারের মামলায় আপীল করার পূর্বশর্তঃ

১৩৮ ধারায় চেক ডিজঅনার মামলায় প্রদও দন্ডাদেশের বিরুদ্ধে আপীল করা্র আগে দন্ডাদেশের উল্লেখিত অর্থের ৫০% আদালতে জমা দিয়ে আপীল করতে হবে। ৫০% টাকা বিচারিক আদালতে জমা দিতে হবে অর্থাৎ যে আদালত শাস্তি প্রদান করেছেন সে আদালতে টাকা জমা দিতে হবে।

তাহমিদুর রহমান রিমুরা টি এল এস ল ফার্ম কর্তৃক চেক ডিজঅনারের মামলায় আইনী সেবা:

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Freshness preservation solution in Bangladesh

by Barrister Tahmidur Rahman | Feb 10, 2023 | 2023, Law

Freshness preservation solution

In Bangladesh, 27.59 million tons of food waste is produced in a year, with 6.43 million tons of that being food waste. This results in the equivalent of 7,550 large trucks (10 tons) discarded every day. The cost of waste disposal for cities, towns, villages, and public organizations in special places is estimated to be approximately 2 trillion yen per year. Furthermore, the disposal of discarded food produces 3.6 billion tons of greenhouse gas emissions, which is equivalent to 8% of the world’s emissions.

Food waste in Bangladesh and the impact:

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), 1.3 billion tons of food waste is produced globally each year, which is a third of the loss and waste of food produced for human consumption.

This food waste is a significant contributor to hunger and food insecurity, with an estimated 820 million people going hungry. Children facing hunger, food insecurity, and undernutrition are at a higher risk of overweight, obesity, and chronic diseases like diabetes later in life.

This is where DENBA comes in as a solution. DENBA is a Japanese company that offers a range of products designed to reduce food waste, improve the quality of food, and increase production in the agricultural, processing, and preservation industries.

In the agricultural sector, DENBA technology is applied in greenhouse cultivation to increase the production and quality of crops. For example, green peppers grown in the DENBA environment have increased yields of about 51% and improved quality compared to peppers grown without DENBA technology. This results in a doubled harvest rate and greatly improved harvest quality.

In the processing sector, DENBA offers solutions to improve meat thawing quality and reduce thawing loss, saving labor costs and cleaning supplies. The use of DENBA technology in meat thawing has been proven to almost eliminate bleeding water, which improves the quality of the frozen meat and maximizes its nutrients.

In drying, DENBA’s technology saves energy and improves dry quality. The use of DENBA in a dryer has been shown to produce chili with almost the same color as the very high quality chili dried without DENBA technology.

In the preservation sector, DENBA offers the DENBA+ refrigerator and freezer modification device, which has been patented in several countries. The device is designed to preserve food and improve food quality.

Importing Freshness preservation solution in Bangladesh:

In the majority of nations, a one-time registration process must be completed in order to import goods or services such as medical equipment. If required, this import export license can be obtained from the relevant Bangladeshi government agency.

The Ministry of Commerce of Bangladesh is responsible for issuing Import Registration Certificates (IRC) to import applicants who qualify. Office of Chief Controller of Imports and Exports (CCI&E) is the incumbent office within the ministry tasked with overseeing imports and exports.

a) Industrial & Commercial Import Registration Certificate Issuance (IRC).

b) Export Registration Certificate is issued (ERC).

c) Certificate of Indenting Registration Issuance (Indenting RC).

d) Granting of an import permit (IP).

e) Export Permit Administration (EP).

f) Prior authorization for import.

g) Permits associated with national and international trade fairs, etc.

h) The issuance of import and export licenses.

I Issuance of Export cum Import permits.

j) Publication of an explanation concerning import policy.

The National Board of Revenue (NBR) is the highest authority in Bangladesh for tax administration. Bangladesh Customs is the country’s official customs department, which operates under NBR.

All goods imported into Bangladesh must be declared at the customs office along with other fundamental and essential documents.

For imported goods into Bangladesh, shipping agents submit their manifest data (containing a description of imported goods by ship) to the Customs authority electronically. Once the Import General Manifest (IGM) has been submitted online, the nominated C&F Agent (or the importer himself) completes the goods declaration, i.e., the Bill of Entry or B/E, at their own location and submits it to Customs systems via ASYCUDA World. The declaration or B/E must be submitted in a format known as Single Administrative Document (SAD).

DENBA products as Freshness preservation solution for Food industries in Bangladesh

Tahmidur Remura and Tahrem Group can source DENBA products for industries in Bangladesh, providing a solution to the country’s food waste problem. DENBA’s products are certified and come with a 3-year warranty.

Food waste has become a major problem globally with an estimate of 27.59 million tons of food waste being produced in a year, and a staggering 6.43 million tons of food waste being discarded daily. The deadweight of around 7,550 large trucks (10 tons) being discarded every day. The high cost of waste disposal is a concern, with cities, towns, villages, and public organizations requiring approximately 2 trillion yen per year to dispose of general waste.

The disposal of discarded food also contributes to 3.6 billion tons of greenhouse gas emissions, accounting for 8% of the world’s emissions. In addition, the world produces about 1.3 billion tons of food waste each year, which is a third of the loss and waste of food produced for human consumption. Unfortunately, the presence of food waste has led to hunger and food insecurity, with over 820 million people going hungry.

Tahrem Sourcing and its machineries of Freshness Preservation devices:

We are a prominent sourcing channel for our global partners providing a range of services including access to our facilities for Freshness preservation in Bangladesh.

There is a solution to the problem of food wastage in South Asia and Bangladesh, and that solution is DENBA. DENBA is a technology that can increase production and improve the quality of agricultural products while reducing food waste. DENBA is also beneficial in the processing industry, as it can improve the quality of thawed meat and reduce the amount of waste produced. Furthermore, the technology is energy-efficient, saving costs and improving health standards in the industry.

Denba helps to Keep it fresh under freezing conditions. Reduce loss rates and stay delicious.

Effect characteristics

• Because it does not freeze, food can be cooked to enhance the taste!
• Inhibit the reproduction of bacteria, reduce reproduction rate to 1/30 *
• Activate the cells of the ingredients and keep the food fresh!

＊Compared with ordinary refrigerators / Test results from the Japan Food Analysis Center of Japan In addition, water molecules will not “solidify” (that is, freeze), and the environment of electrostatic waves can prevent food from oxidizing and inhibit bacteria. DENBA + uses this technology to achieve the preservation and ripening of food ingredients.

01 DENBA + Freezing Principle below the Freezing Point:

The original technology of DENBA + can generate static waves in the refrigerator. Due to the influence of the small electronic vibration, it will not freeze even at temperatures between 0 and -4 degrees Celsius. Frozen, producing a non-freezing, ice-cooled, refrigerated environment. The environment created by electrostatic waves not only drastically reduces the rate of food oxidation, but also inhibits bacterial growth. With DENBA +, it is possible to cook ingredients in a fresh environment.

Beef refrigerated for 10 days:

Beef was used to conduct experiments on freshness. Under normal conditions, refrigerated beef has begun to change color and emit a rancid odor. Not only is the DENBA + refrigerated beef not discolored, but it has also maintained its original freshness.

02. Apples kept for longer than four months:

A study comparing the freshness of apples. Apples that have been refrigerated in a typical setting have lost moisture and clearly rotted. Apples preserved with DENBA + are edible and completely safe.

Freshness effect and features

01. Prevent blood and water loss so that the food can be cooked (increased amino acid content) in order to make it tastier (increased amino acid content).

It can prevent the loss of blood water (nutritional components) and promote the ripening of the food (increased amino acid content), making it tastier.

02. Even if the food remains fresh after thawing, it is difficult to dry or soften it.
Even if thawed ingredients are kept fresh, they are not susceptible to dryness, fluff, color change, or odor.

03.
Suitable for preserving ingredients that skewers may affect.
Even when different foods are stored together, the likelihood of skewers is reduced.

04. It can preserve delicately processed or processed ingredients (maintaining a moisturizing and color feeling).

Experimental Data

• Preservation of meat (2 weeks)
  • Comparative experiments were performed using beef.
  • Beef kept refrigerated under normal circumstances has begun to change color and produce a rancid odor.
  • The DENBA + refrigerated beef is obviously not only not discolored, but also completely preserved the original freshness.
• ● Preservation of fish (2 weeks)
  • Tuna, which is discolorable and difficult to preserve, was selected for comparison.
  • Tuna refrigerated in the normal environment has changed color and blood and water flow is obvious.
  • Tuna preserved with DENBA + also maintains a bright red color with almost no blood or water flowing out.

• Preservation of vegetables (2 weeks)
  • Let’s cut the lettuce in half and compare them.
  • The cross section of the lettuce stored under refrigeration in the ordinary environment has been oxidized and discolored, and the water loss has dried up.
  • status. The lettuce preserved with DENBA + is still fresh when it is just cut.
• Preservation of fruits(2 weeks)
  • Comparative experiments were performed using grapes.
  • The grapes kept refrigerated in the ordinary environment have evaporated, and the grape grains fall from the stems and begin to rot.
  • Grapes preserved with DENBA+, hoarfrost (white that adheres to the skin and prevents water evaporation),Powder is still intact and the freshness is well maintained.

The following are ten frequently asked questions about DENBA and its technology:

1. What is DENBA and how does it work?
   
   DENBA is a technology that uses spatial electric fields to improve production and reduce waste in agriculture and the processing industry. The technology works by applying micro-vibrations to the water, resonating and improving thermal conductivity to achieve faster and higher quality results.
   
2. What industries is DENBA applicable to?
   
   DENBA is applicable to the agriculture and processing industries, specifically in the cultivation of crops and the defrosting and drying of meat and food products.
   
3. How does DENBA improve agricultural production?
   
   DENBA is applied in greenhouse cultivation, and the green pepper grown in the DENBA environment not only increases yield (about 51%) but also improves the quality of the pepper body. The technology doubles the harvest rate and greatly improves the harvest rate.
   
4. How does DENBA improve the quality of thawed meat?
   
   DENBA applies micro-vibrations to the water during the thawing process, resonating and improving thermal conductivity to achieve faster and higher quality thawing. This results in reduced thawing loss and increased profits, as well as improved health standards and meat quality.
   
5. Is DENBA energy-efficient?
   
   Yes, DENBA is energy-efficient, as it saves labor costs and cleaning supplies and other costs. The technology also saves energy in the drying process, leading to cost savings for the industry.
   
6. How does DENBA reduce waste in the processing industry?
   
   DENBA reduces waste in the processing industry by improving the quality of thawed meat and reducing the amount of waste produced. The technology also leads to reduced thawing loss and increased profits.
   
   
7. How does DENBA contribute to the environment?
   
   DENBA reduces the amount of food waste produced, leading to a decrease in greenhouse gas emissions. The technology is also energy-efficient, contributing to a greener and more sustainable industry.
   
   
8. What are the dimensions and specifications of the DENBA technology?
   
   The DENBA technology comes in different models and specifications, including the DENBA+2.0 and DENBA+3.0, which have dimensions of W300mm x D200mm x H108mm and W360mm x D230mm x H113mm, respectively.

In conclusion, Tahrem Trading and DENBA offers a range of sustainable solutions to reduce food waste, improve the quality of food, and increase production in various industries. Tahmidur Remura and Tahrem Group can source these products directly from Denba and provide the solution to Bangladesh’s food waste problem.

Hire the best Food Freshness Machine Sourcing trading firm in Bangladesh:

THR (Tahmidur Remura) Sourcing is one of the best provider of Food sourcing materials in Bangladesh.

THR group is one of the largest technology machine suppliers in Bangladesh started its journey in 2019. We work with our customers to provide a range of services including access to our own manufacturing facilities or partner factories, design teams, merchandising, product development, quality control, on-time shipment, and compliance services.

We have more than 200 people equipped with a large network of manufacturing and in-house testing facilities to ensure the highest standards of quality. Our competitive edge lies within the trust we have established over the years with world-leading brands, through our flexible approach, great pricing plans and catering for all orders equally, large or small.

For further information, visit the following links:

Website | Facebook | YouTube

Contact Details:
Company: Tahrem Trading
Email Address: [email protected] or [email protected]
Website: https://tahmidurrahman.com/
Phone Number: 8801779127165

Medical Negligence and Medical Malpractice law in Bangladesh

by Barrister Tahmidur Rahman | Feb 10, 2023 | 2023, Law

Medical Negligence law in Bangladesh

In Bangladesh, medical negligence has become a popular topic of interest and discussion. However, there is currently no precise and comprehensive legislation to prevent medical negligence. Currently, the vast majority of instances of medical negligence go unpunished, but frequently result in violence. As a result, the general public’s perception of the veracity of medical services is taking a downward turn, which is a frustrating situation.

Medical negligence is a clear violation of the right to health committed by professionals whose primary duty is to protect when an emergency occurs and health rights are at risk. The number of deaths attributable to medical negligence is not negligible. According to a study, medical errors are the third leading cause of death in the United States, after heart disease and cancer, and are responsible for at least 250,000 deaths annually.

Medical negligence in Bangladesh:

As for Bangladeshi statistics, Ain O Salish Kendra released a report in 2008 detailing 504 instances of medical negligence between June 1995 and September 2008. According to the Geneva Declaration of the World Medical Association, a member of the medical profession must solemnly pledge that the health of the patient will be the primary concern.

In contrast, medical malpractice implies culpable negligence in the field of medical science and poses a risk to the health and well-being of a patient who entrusts his or her well-being to a medical professional. Articles 18 and 32 of the Bangladeshi constitution, which guarantee the right to health and the right to life, are being flagrantly violated.

Article 32 of our Constitution protects “the right to life” as a fundamental right for its citizens. In addition, according to the fundamental principles of state policy, the state is obligated to provide “basic necessities of life,” such as food, clothing, shelter, education, and medical care, as well as to “raise the level of nutrition and improve public health.” Articles 15, 18, read in conjunction with Articles 31, 32, and 44 outline the constitutional remedies for the protection of health and life. Article 102 (writ petitions) of the United States Constitution allows for the enforcement of such rights.

Initial Stage 

Initial Stages includes the following steps: 

• FIR in cognizable offence; 
• Complain in cognizable & non-cognizable offence
• Investigation 
• Charge Sheet or Final Report 
• Naraji Petition

Proceeding Stage 

Proceeding Stage includes the following steps: 

• Taking Cognizance
• Issuing Process 
• Transfer of the Case

Trail Stage 

Trail Stage includes the following steps: 

• Framing of Charge
• Plea & Conviction 
• Hearing/Taking Evidence/Examination Etc.
• Judgment 

Criminal Cases are tried before the Judicial Magistrate and/or the Session Judge court as per  their nature and procedure. 

1. Trail By Magistrate: 

• Section 241 of CrPC: Procedure in Cases.
• Section 241A of CrPC: When accused shall be discharged. 
• Section 242 of CrPC: Charge to be framed. 
• Section 243 of CrPC: Conviction on admission of truth of accusation 
• Section 244 of CrPC: Procedure when no such admission is made. 
• Section 245 of CrPC: Acquittal or Sentence
• Section 247 of CrPC: Non-appearance of Complainant 
• Section 2418 of CrPC: Withdrawal of Complaint
• Section 249 of CrPC: Power to stop proceedings when no complainant. 

     2. Trail by Court of Session: 

• Section 265A of CrPC: Trail to be conducted by Public Prosecutor 
• Section 265B of CrPC: Opening Case for Prosecution 
• Section 265C of CrPC: Discharge 
• Section 265D of CrPC: Framing Charge
• Section 265E of CrPC: Conviction of Plea of Guilty 
• Section 265F of CrPC: Date for prosecution evidence
• Section 265G of CrPC: Evidence of Prosecution 
• Section 265H of CrPC: Acquittal 
• Section 265I of CrPC: Entering upon Defence
• Section 265J of CrPC: Arguments 
• Section 265K of CrPC: Judgment of Acquittal or Conviction

Post Trial State

Post Trail Stage includes the following Step: 

• Execution of Sentence

In general, criminal complaints are filed against doctors alleging the commission of offenses punishable under Section 304A or Sections 336, 337, or 338 of the Bangladesh Penal Code 1860 alleging rashness or negligence on the part of the doctors resulting in the death or injury of the patient to varying degrees. However, Sections 80 and 88 of the Penal Code provide defences for doctors who have been accused of criminal liability.

Bangladesh’s Medical and Dental Council

Bangladesh’s Medical and Dental Council is the governing body for doctors and other health professionals. According to the বাংলাদেশ মেডিকেল ও ডেন্টাল কাউন্সিল আইন, ২০১০, if a medical practitioner or dentist is found guilty of professional misconduct, the council may deny that person registration (Section 23).

Due to professional misconduct, the council may also order the removal of the name of any registered physician or dentist from the registration, either permanently or for a specified period.
In addition, Section 5(a) of the Code of Medical Ethics states that gross negligence on the part of medical and dental practitioners in the performance of their duties to their patients may constitute misconduct sufficient to justify suspension or removal from the registrar.

The Medical Practice and Private Clinics and Laboratories (Regulation) Ordinance of 1982 granted the director general of health services supervisory authority. The director general of health services or any officer delegated by him shall have the authority to inspect any chamber of registered medical practitioners, private clinic, private hospital, or pathological laboratory to determine whether they have violated or failed to comply with any provision of this ordinance (Section 11).

If the director general determines that they have violated any provision of this ordinance, he may recommend to the government, in the case of a medical practitioner, that he be barred from engaging in private medical practice, in the case of a private clinic or private hospital, that its license be revoked, and in the case of a pathological laboratory, that it be closed.

Patients’ rights are similarly protected and enforced in cases of medical negligence, with particular reference to the Consumer Rights Protection Act of 2009. This act defines’service’ as, among other things, health services made available to consumers in exchange for payment (Section 2 (22) of the act), but not free services.

Punishment for negligence

Now they are able to file a lawsuit under this act because a medical patient is considered a consumer and medical institutions or professionals are service providers under Section 2, despite the fact that this is not explicitly stated in the act. However, courts have accepted such cases. This act’s section 45 addresses the penalties for failing to sell or deliver the promised product or service.

It stipulates imprisonment for a term not to exceed three years, a fine not to exceed Tk 2,00,000, or both. In Section 52, it is stated that anyone who violates the rules or regulations of this act or law in a way that endangers the life or security of a consumer will be punished with imprisonment for a term not to exceed one year, a fine not to exceed Tk 50,000, or both.

The section that can be directly related to medical negligence is Section 53, which states that if a service provider causes damage to the money, health, or life of a service recipient through negligence, irresponsibility, or carelessness, he will be punished with imprisonment for a term not to exceed three years, a fine not to exceed Tk 2,00,000, or both.

However, these punishments are insufficient because the amount of the fine is often disproportionate to the loss or damage caused by the service providers.

In addition, if a consumer wishes to file a complaint under Section 60 of the Consumer Protection Act of 2009, he or she must first file a complaint with the director general or an authorized representative of the department within 30 days of the accrual of the cause of action. And according to Section 61, the magistrate will not take cognizance of any crime if the charge sheet is not submitted within ninety days of the complaint being filed.

Medical Negligence and Consumer complaint:

It means that even if a consumer suffers a loss, the consumer cannot file a complaint directly with the magistrate, and the magistrate will not take cognizance until the magistrate receives the charge sheet within 90 days from the authorized person. As a result, consumers become frustrated or lose interest because this procedure is complicated and appears inconvenient. In the case of private sectors, the director general has the authority to identify health-nursing care deficiencies but cannot take preventative action.

Only the health secretary and the director general of the health services directorate general will be informed. As a result, there is a significant barrier to punishing medical professionals working in the private sector, and the incidence of professional negligence in private clinics continues to rise.

The term’medical profession’ has not been added explicitly to Section 2, whereas it was added to Section 2 (1) (o) of the Consumer Protection Act of India 1986 in 1995. In the case Indian Medical Association v. VP Shantha (3 CPR (1995) 412), the Supreme Court determinedly added the health profession to the scope of the Consumer Protection Act. In fact, this term should be added to our statute so that it is clear that victims of medical malpractice must go to the consumer court to seek justice.

Although it has been questioned whether medical care should be viewed as a product, medical negligence litigation has been credited with bringing about safer practices in the provision of health care in neighboring India, where cases of medical negligence have been significantly reduced.

Therefore, amendments may be made to the Consumer Protection Act of Bangladesh to make it effective and adaptable to medical negligence litigation, so that the state may provide patients with assurance of improvement in the health care delivery system addressing the public health’s common good.

Tort actions and Medical Malpractice:

Tort actions were recently introduced in Bangladesh, but they are not yet well-established in our legal system. This is due to the fact that tort law is not codified and because Section 9 of the Code of Civil Procedure 1908 authorizes a civil court to hear all civil cases and gives courts the authority to apply tort law as an inalienable part of the principles of justice, equity, and good conscience.

In tort law, as opposed to criminal law, a claim is an action for the recovery of damages (i.e., monetary compensation) that seeks to compensate the harms suffered by a person as a result of the intentional or unintentional act of another, as opposed to sending the wrongdoer to prison.

The individual claiming damages (the claimant) may be the primary or secondary victim. Negligence is the legal term for the failure to do (or to refrain from doing) something that a “reasonable person” would have done in the same circumstances, which has been interpreted to protect others from foreseeable risks of harm. When medical negligence occurs, negligence claims may be filed against physicians and other medical professionals.

In Bangladesh, it is a relatively new trend to pursue damages as a tort claim solely on equitable grounds, without relying on statutory provisions. We hope to become familiar with the application of the tort law principle in medical negligence cases more frequently than in the past, and then we can expect to ensure accountability for medical negligence on a larger scale.

Under the current legal structure, there is no codified law on medical negligence, and in the absence of a developed tort regime, the laws on negligence are scattered and general. The sections 304A and 336 of the Penal Code 1860 penalize and define negligence as conduct that “endangers human life or the personal safety of others.”

The Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council Act of 2010 penalizes those who falsely represent themselves to be medical or dental practitioners (section 28), (ii) use any such name, designation, description, or symbol that others could reasonably believe to be true (section 29), and (iii) prescribe medication that has not been approved by the government (section 30).

In addition to penalizing negligence, Sections 52 and 53 of the Consumer Protection Act of 2009 significantly empower the Director-General of the Directorate for Consumer Rights Protection to take action against “anti-consumer activities.”

Lack of specificity in the jurisdiction of Medical Malpractice law in Bangladesh:

Despite these legal provisions – albeit dispersed – at our disposal to secure justice, our legal system has yet to develop a jurisprudence allowing recourse for citizens who have been negligently treated by healthcare service providers. In recent years, however, courts have been proactive in compensating victims in egregious cases of medical negligence. In 2011, Mr. Justice AHM Shamsuddin Chowdhury Manik and Mr. Justice Jahangir Hossain ordered Labaid Hospital to compensate the widow of Dhaka University professor Mridul Kanti Chakrabarty, who died due to delayed medical treatment and alleged hospital negligence.

In 2017, the Suo Moto ruling by Madam Justice Salma Masud Chowdhury and Mr. Justice AKM Zahirul Haque ordered respondents to pay the victim Tk. 9 lakhs in compensation for falsely representing himself as a certified doctor and performing surgery on the victim while leaving pieces of gauge inside her stomach, causing her interminable suffering and additional medical expenses.

In jurisdictions such as the United Kingdom, however, there are established bases for calculating claims arising from personal injury and medical negligence. Instruments such as the Judicial College Guidelines (JCG) and Ogden tables standardize the amount of compensation for different degrees of injury to different parts of the body and take into account other factors, such as the loss of income and follow-up expenses of victims recovering from the negligent act.

In India, despite similarly dispersed laws, the Court and the Maharashtra Medical Council (MMC), a quasi-judicial body with significant authority, regularly hear medical negligence cases.

Under the Consumers Rights Protection Act of 2009, the specialist is not liable for every injury sustained by a patient due to medical negligence.

As it were, he is responsible for the consequences of a breach of his obligation. After establishing the existence of an obligation, the aggrieved party must then demonstrate the breach of obligation and its cause. Different sections of the Consumers Rights Protection Act of 2009 contain corrective amendments to safeguard consumer rights.

Section 52 specifies the punishment for any act that endangers the life or safety of consumers. Section 53 penalizes the act of carelessness that results in loss of life or bodily harm. In addition, section 45 provides penalties for the sale or delivery of substandard services.

According to the Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council Act of 2010, medical malpractice is:

According to Section 23 of the Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council Act of 2010, the Council may revoke the registration of any doctor, dentist, or medical assistant who is found to be responsible for improper conduct or violation of this act. However, the act itself has not clearly communicated the offenses committed by the specialist. In addition, Section 30 outlines the penalties for endorsing prohibited drugs.

Conforming to the Contract Act of 1872 for breach of contract or benefit, if the patient is entitled to compensation for any loss or damage caused by the contract violator. This compensation is not to be provided for any indirect or remote loss or harm sustained as a result of the breach.

The Specific Relief Act of 1877 can also issue temporary and permanent injunctions against medical professionals or armies that violate legally binding obligations. In addition, under the law of tort, carelessness as a fortuitous or gracious obligation, restorative professionals or authorities may be liable for damages.

A number of statutes are either directly or indirectly associated with medical practice. The Vaccination Act of 1880, the Drugs Act of 1940, and the Eye Surgery Act (Restriction) The statute, 1960 The Pharmacy Ordinance of 1976, the Drug (Control) Ordinance of 1982, the Medical Practice and Private Clinics and Laboratories (Regulation) Ordinance of 1982, the Bangladesh Unani and Ayurveda Practitioners Ordinance of 1983, the Human Organ Transplantation Act of 1999, etc.

FAQ about Medical Negligence law in Bangladesh:

Hire the best Medical Negligence law firm in Bangladesh:

Tahmidur Remura is one of the leading chambers on crime and Medical Negligence litigation law firm in Bangladesh. Mr. Wahid and Ms Remura has been engaged as a defence counsel in numerous bail matters and for quashing of proceedings.

In particular, all the criminal prosecution lawyers in Tahmidur Remura law firm is vastly skilled in dealing with anti-corruption and criminal litigation cases in regards to the specific sectors mentioned in this article. Our Partners have combined 31 years of experience and he is considered as one of the best criminal lawyers in the Magistrates Court and Sessions Court.

For further information, visit the following links:

Website | Facebook | YouTube

Contact Details:
Company: Tahmidur Rahman Remura Law Firm
Email Address: [email protected] or [email protected]
Website: https://tahmidurrahman.com/
Phone Number: +8801847220062 & +8801779127165

Private Equity law in Bangladesh

by Barrister Tahmidur Rahman | Jan 31, 2023 | 2023, Law

Private equity (PE) refers to the investment of capital into private companies that are not publicly traded on stock exchanges. The private equity industry in Bangladesh is still in its early stages of development, but it has been showing steady growth in recent years.

Bangladesh has a rapidly growing economy, with a GDP growth rate of around 7% in recent years. The country has a large and young population, a growing middle class, and a rapidly expanding consumer market. These factors make Bangladesh an attractive destination for private equity investment.

Private Equity Industry in Bangladesh:

The private equity industry in Bangladesh is dominated by domestic players, with a few international firms also active in the market. The main sectors that attract private equity investment in Bangladesh are consumer goods and services, healthcare, education, and infrastructure.

One of the main challenges facing the private equity industry in Bangladesh is the lack of a well-developed legal and regulatory framework. The country’s legal system is not fully developed and there are significant gaps in the laws and regulations that govern private equity transactions. This makes it difficult for private equity firms to invest in Bangladesh and for companies to access the capital they need to grow.

For example, there are no specific rules or regulations for the registration and reporting of private equity funds, and there is no specific legal framework for the protection of minority shareholders. This lack of legal protection makes it difficult for private equity firms to invest in Bangladesh and for companies to access the capital they need to grow.

Another challenge facing the private equity industry in Bangladesh is the lack of a developed exit market. Private equity firms typically invest in companies with the expectation of exiting their investments after a certain period of time. However, in Bangladesh, there are very few options for private equity firms to exit their investments. This makes it difficult for private equity firms to achieve a good return on their investments.

New Rules for the regulation of Private equity fund and venture capital fund in Bangladesh:

In June 2015, the Bangladesh Securities and Exchange Commission approved new rules for private equity and venture capital firms, allowing them to pool funds and make equity investments in non-listed companies.

To create and manage funds for equity financing, private equity and venture capital firms must adhere to the Alternative Investment Rules.

The fund managers, who must be registered with the BSEC, will raise capital from eligible investors, which could include institutions, high-net-worth individuals, and foreign fund managers.

The funds cannot be raised through a public issue or an initial public offering; they can only be raised through a private placement and, unlike other mutual funds, will not be listed or traded on stock exchanges.

BSEC approved the draft Alternative Investment Rules and published it on the commission’s website as well as in national dailies for public comment.

Venture Capital Association in Bangladesh

Despite these challenges, the private equity industry in Bangladesh is showing steady growth. The government of Bangladesh has recognized the importance of private equity in the country’s economic development and has taken steps to improve the investment climate. The government has also set up a number of initiatives to support the private equity industry, such as the Bangladesh Private Equity and Venture Capital Association (BPEVCA).

In addition to the government’s efforts, there are also a number of private sector organizations working to support the private equity industry in Bangladesh. For example, the Bangladesh Venture Capital and Private Equity Association (BVCA) works to promote the private equity industry in Bangladesh by fostering relationships between private equity firms, companies, and investors.

Plans to establish a stock exchange for SME

Despite the challenges, the private equity industry in Bangladesh has the potential to play a significant role in the country’s economic development. The large and growing population, the rapidly expanding consumer market, and the government’s efforts to improve the investment climate all make Bangladesh an attractive destination for private equity investment. As the private equity industry in Bangladesh continues to grow and develop, it will become an increasingly important source of capital for companies looking to expand and grow.

In conclusion, the private equity industry in Bangladesh is still in its early stages of development but it has been showing steady growth in recent years. The country has a rapidly growing economy, with a GDP growth rate of around 7% in recent years. The main sectors that attract private equity investment in Bangladesh are consumer goods and services, healthcare, education, and infrastructure. The main challenges facing the private equity industry in Bangladesh are the lack of a well-developed legal and regulatory framework and the lack of a developed exit market.

Despite these challenges, the private equity industry in Bangladesh has the potential to play a significant role in the country’s economic development. The government of Bangladesh is taking steps to improve the investment climate and a number of private sector organizations are working to support the private equity industry in Bangladesh.

The government of Bangladesh has announced plans to establish a stock exchange for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) that will provide a platform for SMEs to raise capital. This will likely increase opportunities for private equity firms to invest in SMEs and provide a viable exit option for private equity firms.

Relevant laws regarding Private Equity in Bangladesh

The following is a table that includes some of the relevant laws, regulations and initiatives related to private equity in Bangladesh:

As the private equity industry in Bangladesh continues to grow and develop, it is likely that more laws and regulations related to private equity will be put in place and more options for exits will be created.

Amendments made to the Alternative Investment Rules in 2020

• The definition of “eligible investor” and “investor” has been expanded to incorporate “founda’ons” and “approved gratuity funds”.
• Also in the descrip)on of a provident fund which was already eligible as an investor has been prefixed with “recognised”. A similar prefix has been added to “supperanua)on fund” with “approved” . A similar addi)on was made to “gratuity fund” with “approved” being added. The repercussion for such changes is going to require cer)fica)on or accredita)on of the said funds in order to be eligible to invest.
• The required opera)on track record for eligibility of “private equity fund” has been increased by a year to three years.
• The amendment here has enabled “venture capital funds” to invest in companies that have already been in opera)on for three years instead of the earlier limita)on of two years. This will broaden the investable op)ons of “venture capital funds”
• Amendments have been made to prepare financial statements as per Interna)onal Financial Repor)ng Standards as applicable in Bangladesh and the audited financials to be prepared as per Interna)onal Standards on Audi)ng
• Amendment has been made to ensure that the fund manager should obtain consent from the trustee before disbursement of fund to any non-listed securi)es of porGolio companies.
• The exercise of an independent valuer , conduc)ng a valua)on of the investments of the fund has been relaxed to a minimum of once every year instead of twice a year.
• Apart from cons)tu)ve documents, financial documents and other documents will have to be shared to eligible investors with the added flexibility of being shared in electronic form instead of printed hard copy.
• A check has been placed to ensure that the fund manager cannot share the profit from the fund twice as performance fee.

• Made amendment to enable the fund manager to hold up-to 30% of unit funds as opposed to 25% before.
• The lock in for investments in funds has been brought down to 2 years from 3 years .
• Investments of connected persons’ of the fund manager in alterna)ve investment fund will also have to be disclosed in the annual reports.
• Registra)on fee has been halved to 0.05% of the fund corpus
• Annual fee of the fund has been reduced by 20% to 0.04% of NAV of the fund.
• The minimum subscrip)on by each investor has been brought down to BDT 1,000,000 from BDT 5,000,000.
• Allowed flexibility of investment diversifica)on according to risk management policy of fund. Allows the fund to jointly investment in a porGolio company along with another fund.
• New provision allows the life of the fund to be shortened by a vote of 2/3 majority similar to the previous manned of extension of the life of the fund.

Although all unlisted companies in Bangladesh are assumed to be supported by private equity, Bangladesh Regulator introduced formal private equity venture capital in 2015 through the Bangladesh Securities and Exchange Commission (Alternative Investment) Rules, 2015. Since then, the firm has advised on the formation of several venture capital funds. However, because this is a new concept, the application is limited.

Tahmidur Remura’s Experience in the Private Equity Industry:

The firm also has extensive experience in private equity injection in listed companies through “Private Investment in Public Equity (PIPE)” transactions.

Furthermore, the firm advises on simple registrations, incorporation, contractual matters, and uncomplicated ventures, as well as complex investment projects, finance, M&A, and corporate restructurings involving private equities.

Some of the firm’s recent significant projects in Bangladesh include:

1. Manufacturing Sector: Marathon Petroleum Corporation, USA – Joint Venture Home Appliance Manufacturing Project
2. Manufacturing Sector: Patrick Industries Inc., USA – Joint Venture Food Product Manufacturing Project
3. Manufacturing Sector: Tire Manufacturing Project, Pilgrim’s Pride Corp.
4. Copper Manufacturing Sector: Star Alliance, Japan Joint Venture Manufacturing Project
5. Steel Manufacturing Project: PEB Steel, Vietnam
6. Oil Sector: ENOC, Dubai
7. Manufacturing Sector: LG, Korea – SKD Plant in collaboration
8. Maxim, PRC – Garments Accessories Manufacturing Sector Manufacturing
9. Hatero, UAE – Cancer production through a joint venture
10. Manufacturing Sector: Trial Foods, UK – Health drink production Industry
11. Sector of Service: Nokia, Finland – Service center
12. Service Sector: Gates Foundation, USA – significant investment in mobile banking
13. Sinopec, People’s Republic of China – petroleum service sector
14. Logistics and freight forwarding are examples of service industries.
15. Petrostar, People’s Republic of China – petroleum service sector

We also have included some of the details of our clients and their growth in the markets:

Tahmidur Rahman Remura advises large-scale construction and infrastructure project sponsors, lenders, contractors, and other industry participants. The firm provides non-contentious specialist services to domestic and international projects, covering every industry sector, location, procurement, and financing structure combination.

The firm offers efficient and proactive solutions based on a thorough understanding of the commercial forces and legal aspects that shape construction projects. It brings together experts to provide expert insights into the business implications of new industry initiatives, local legislation, globalization, and private/project finance.

The formal PPP framework was introduced in Bangladesh in 2010 through a policy guideline and was later achieved through legislative integration in 2015 with the passage of the PPP Act, 2015. The firm has extensive experience in project structuring and has been involved in the majority of the first generation PPP projects in Bangladesh, including transportation, water, economic zones, large scale plants, power, mining, and telecommunication. The firm has been involved in almost all major PP projects, including all three toll road projects that have been tendered. In addition, the firm was involved in a large number of constriction projects in the G2G and public procurement models.

Hire the best consultancy law firm in Bangladesh

Tahmidur Rahman Remura has earned its stellar reputation thanks to its proficiency in a wide range of financial transactions, including those involving power and energy, mergers and acquisitions, and large-scale projects. Led by Barrister Tahmidur, the law firm also consults on behalf of international financial institutions like the World Bank and gives advice to large local and international banks on local corporate governance issues. Remura Mahbub is another instrumental part of the team, and she is a big reason why the company gets does so much cross-border work in Southeast Asia and Europe.

In addition, this elite law firm in Bangladesh also deals with shipping law practices assisting in both wet and dry contentious and non-contentious matters, aviation law, capital markets law, bankruptcy and creditors’ rights, and family law. Additional practice areas include asset acquisition, dispute resolution, ICC, LCIA and UNCITRAL arbitration proceedings, finance and securitization law, and aviation law. It consists of an international division comprised of attorneys specializing in foreign and cross-border business and providing premium solutions for international clients.

For further information, visit the following links:

Website | Facebook | YouTube

Media Details:
Company: Tahmidur Rahman Remura Law Firm
Contact Person: Tahmidur Rahman
Email Address: [email protected]
Website: https://tahmidurrahman.com/
Phone Number: +8801847220062 & +8801779127165

Engineering and Project Management Consultancy in Bangladesh

by Barrister Tahmidur Rahman | Jan 30, 2023 | 2023, Law

Project Management Consultancy law firm and EPMC company in Bangladesh

Tahmidur Rahman Remura (TLS) is a well-established law firm and one of the leading Engineering and Project Management Consultancy (EPMC) companies in Bangladesh. The company has been providing legal and consulting services to clients in the private and public sectors for over a decade.

The law firm’s legal practice covers a wide range of areas, including corporate and commercial law, banking and finance, intellectual property, and labor and employment law. The firm’s team of experienced attorneys has a deep understanding of the legal landscape in Bangladesh and is well-equipped to handle complex legal issues.

EPMC company in Bangladesh

In addition to its legal practice, TLS is also recognized as one of the top EPMC companies (and a consultancy law firm) in Bangladesh. The company’s team of experts has extensive experience in engineering and project management and has successfully completed a wide range of projects in the country. TLS’s services in this area include project management, engineering design, cost estimation, and construction supervision.

One of the key strengths of TLS is its ability to provide integrated legal and consulting services to clients. This enables the company to offer a comprehensive solution to clients’ needs, whether it is legal advice or project management services.

TLS’s commitment to quality and excellence is reflected in its long-standing relationships with clients. The company has a reputation for providing reliable and efficient service, and its clients include some of the largest and most respected companies in Bangladesh.

TLS’s EPMC and consultancy law firm services include project management, engineering design, cost estimation, and construction supervision. The company’s project management team is well-versed in the use of project management tools and techniques and is able to provide clients with a comprehensive project management solution. This includes the development of project plans, schedules, and budgets, as well as the management of project risks and issues.

Engineering Design by Tahmidur Rahman Remura

The company’s engineering design services include the preparation of detailed engineering designs and drawings for a wide range of projects. This includes the design of infrastructure projects such as roads, bridges, and buildings, as well as the design of industrial and manufacturing facilities. TRR’s team of engineers is well-versed in the use of the latest engineering design tools and software and is able to provide clients with high-quality engineering designs that meet their specific needs.

As a consultancy law firm, the cost estimation services include the preparation of detailed cost estimates for a wide range of projects. The company’s team of cost estimators is well-versed in the use of cost estimation tools and techniques and is able to provide clients with accurate and reliable cost estimates.

The company’s construction supervision services include the supervision of construction works to ensure that they are carried out in accordance with the approved plans and specifications. The company’s team of construction supervisors is well-versed in the use of the latest construction management tools and techniques and is able to provide clients with a comprehensive construction supervision solution.

Hence, TLS is a well-established law firm and one of the leading Engineering and Project Management Consultancy (EPMC) companies in Bangladesh. The company’s team of experts has extensive experience in engineering and project management and has successfully completed a wide range of projects in the country. TRR’s EPMC services include project management, engineering design, cost estimation, and construction supervision, which provides clients with a comprehensive solution to their needs.

Procurement as a consultancy law firm in Bangladesh

The firm’s procurement department deals with both local and foreign procurement of engineering tools and materials, safety and fire alarm systems, telecommunication tools and gadgets, oil and gas tools accessories such as flanges, valves, and seals, drilling and production materials, and more.

In terms of civil engineering and oilfield installation services, the firm offers location preparation and civil works, land reclamation, access road construction, construction of drainages, construction of buildings, and maintenance services for well heads, Xmass tree and other equipment.

For mechanical works, the firm’s services include pipeline and flowline construction, sand blasting and painting of tanks and steel structures, fabrication and maintenance of steel works, tank cleaning, fabrication of wellhead hook-ups, rigging and scaffolding, fabrication and installation of spools, gas injection systems, and pressure pipe work, cathodic protection, maintenance of production equipment, pumps, valves, and air compressors, pipeline maintenance and repair works, corrosion control, rigging and scaffolding works, and hydrotesting.

In terms of instrumentation works, the firm offers installation of switch gears, circuit breakers, changeover, electrical aspect of heavy-duty generators and re-wiring, installation of earthing systems, fabrication of cable trays and support instrument for cable and power transmission, installation and maintenance of electrical control panels. The firm also has a deep knowledge and expertise on the local laws and regulations, which enables them to provide services and solutions that are compliant with the laws of the land.

Streamlining Project Delivery in Bangladesh

Tahmidur Remura’s technical experts constantly look for ways to streamline project delivery methods. Fabrication is a proven solution to improve capital efficiencies for some of the most challenging project conditions for clients across all industries in Bangladesh.

Because modularization is not a one-size-fits-all solution, Tahmidur Remura works closely with each client to develop a project execution strategy that creates the best value in accordance with Bangladesh’s law. Tahmidur Remura’s integrated approach to fabrication solutions offers a range of options to fit clients’ specific needs.

Tahmidur Remura’s extensive modular project experience and comprehensive knowledge of the engineering, procurement, fabrication, construction, and project management process, result in fabrication and construction strategies optimized for cost and schedule benefits in the context of Bangladesh’s law.

The advantages that Tahmidur Remura brings to fabrication projects include:

Tahmidur Remura’s fabrication facilities in Bangladesh

• Dedicated fabrication group supporting project strategies and resources specific to Bangladesh
• Advanced commodity sourcing methods and focused offsite fabrication procurement support specific to Bangladesh’s market
• Fabrication-driven execution / Input in design to optimize constructability in accordance with Bangladesh’s law
• Safety, Environmental and Quality benefits with shop fabrication in compliance with Bangladesh’s law
• Proprietary module optimization design processes specific to Bangladesh’s legal context Dedicated modular logistics team in line with Bangladesh’s law.

Engineering Solutions to Meet the Most Complex Challenges

With offices in Bangladesh, Tahmidur Remura as a consultancy law firm can meet clients’ project needs anywhere. Tahmidur Remura’s engineering disciplines include civil, electrical, mechanical, piping and structural engineering, as well as advanced specialties such as simulation, enterprise integration, integrated automation processes and interactive 3D and 4D modeling.

Tahmidur Remura as a consultancy law firm collaborates with client counterparts to develop comprehensive services that may include engineering, procurement, fabrication, construction, maintenance and project management. From the earliest stages of project design, we involve the construction and commissioning teams to provide capital and schedule efficiencies.

Tahmidur Remura’s engineering offerings include:

• Advanced Process Modeling
• Construction-Driven Execution
• Design Capabilities
• Design Reviews
• Engineering Capabilities
• Front-End Engineering & Design (FEED)
• Project Management
• Technologies
• Value Engineering

As a law firm and a consultancy company we provide these following services:

i) technical clarification related to design to international renowned organizations, major corporations and leading businesses in various industries.

ii) Assist international renowned organizations, major corporations and leading businesses in various industries during technical negotiation by providing support in understanding vendor’s capabilities and limitations, identifying potential issues and suggesting solutions.

iii) Assist international renowned organizations, major corporations and leading businesses in various industries in identifying cost-effective solutions and recommending strategies for price negotiation.

iv) Post award of contract:

We Prepare detailed design and production drawings, ensuring compliance with industry standards, regulations and client’s specific requirements for international renowned organizations, major corporations and leading businesses in various industries.

v) We Develop Quality Assurance Plan (QAP) and assist the client in implementing quality control measures to ensure project deliverables meet the required standards and specifications. iii Provide planning and scheduling support to international renowned organisations, major corporations and leading businesses in various industries to ensure timely completion of projects and meet project deadlines.

vi) Prepare comprehensive Work Instructions, which include procedures, processes, and instructions for each stage of the project, to ensure consistency and efficiency for international renowned organizations, major corporations and leading businesses in various industries.

vii) Identify and recommend potential vendors for procurement based on their technical capabilities and experience, to international renowned organizations, major corporations and leading businesses in various industries. vi Prepare technical specifications for procurement and subcontracting and assist international renowned organizations, major corporations and leading businesses in various industries in evaluating bids and selecting suitable vendors.

viii) Provide technical support during the procurement process, including assisting international renowned organizations, major corporations and leading businesses in various industries in technical negotiation and replying to technical queries of bidders.

ix) Assist international renowned organizations, major corporations and leading businesses in various industries in technical acceptance of incoming materials, conducting inspections and testing to ensure compliance with project specifications.

x) Provide technical support during construction, launching, testing, and commissioning phases, including troubleshooting and identifying solutions to technical issues for international renowned organizations, major corporations and leading businesses in various industries.

xi) Assist international renowned organizations, major corporations and leading businesses in various industries in addressing and rectifying defects during the warranty period, ensuring timely completion and satisfaction with the end product.

FAQ about Range of Service provided by Tahmidur Remura in Bangladesh:

Hire the best consultancy law firm in Bangladesh

Tahmidur Rahman Remura has earned its stellar reputation thanks to its proficiency in a wide range of financial transactions, including those involving power and energy, mergers and acquisitions, and large-scale projects. Led by Barrister Tahmidur, the law firm also consults on behalf of international financial institutions like the World Bank and gives advice to large local and international banks on local corporate governance issues. Remura Mahbub is another instrumental part of the team, and she is a big reason why the company gets does so much cross-border work in Southeast Asia and Europe.

In addition, this elite law firm in Bangladesh also deals with shipping law practices assisting in both wet and dry contentious and non-contentious matters, aviation law, capital markets law, bankruptcy and creditors’ rights, and family law. Additional practice areas include asset acquisition, dispute resolution, ICC, LCIA and UNCITRAL arbitration proceedings, finance and securitization law, and aviation law. It consists of an international division comprised of attorneys specializing in foreign and cross-border business and providing premium solutions for international clients.

For further information, visit the following links:

Website | Facebook | YouTube

Media Details:
Company: Tahmidur Rahman Remura Law Firm
Contact Person: Tahmidur Rahman
Email Address: [email protected]
Website: https://tahmidurrahman.com/
Phone Number: +8801847220062 & +8801779127165

Affidavit in Bangladesh and the execution

by Barrister Tahmidur Rahman | Jan 18, 2023 | 2023, Law

Affidavit in Bangladesh in its execution in 2023

An affidavit is a written statement that is sworn or affirmed to be true. In Bangladesh, an affidavit is a legal document that can be used in a variety of situations, including court cases, property disputes, and immigration matters. In this article, we will explain the steps for preparing and submitting an affidavit in Bangladesh.

Step 1: Prepare the Affidavit Form

The first step in preparing an affidavit is to obtain the correct form. The form can typically be obtained from a lawyer, government office, or court. The form should include all of the necessary information, including the name and address of the person making the affidavit, the statement being made, and the signature of the person making the affidavit.

Step 2: Write the Statement

Once you have the form, you will need to write the statement that you wish to make. This statement should be written in a clear and concise manner and should be limited to the facts relevant to the matter at hand. It is important to ensure that the statement is true and accurate.

Step 3: Get the Affidavit Sworn

Once the statement has been written, the next step is to get the affidavit sworn. This can be done by going to a lawyer or a notary public. The lawyer or notary public will administer an oath or affirmation to the person making the affidavit, and will then witness the signature on the form.

Step 4: Submit the Affidavit

After the affidavit has been sworn, it can be submitted to the relevant government office or court. The office or court will then review the affidavit and determine whether it is acceptable. If the affidavit is accepted, it will be kept on file for future reference.

Step 5: Keep a copy of the Affidavit

It is important to keep a copy of the affidavit for your own records. This will ensure that you have a record of the statement that you have made, and will allow you to refer to it in the future if necessary.

In conclusion, preparing an affidavit in Bangladesh is a straightforward process that requires obtaining the correct form, writing a clear and accurate statement, getting the affidavit sworn, submitting the affidavit to the relevant government office or court and keeping a copy of the Affidavit. It is important to ensure that the statement is true and accurate and that the form is completed correctly before submitting it.

An affidavit is a legal document that contains a sworn statement or declaration. A notarized affidavit is one that has been sworn to before a notary public, who acts as an official witness to the signing of the document. In Bangladesh, notarized affidavits are typically made on stamp paper and must be submitted to the relevant government office or court.

Affidavits are commonly used in a variety of situations, including court cases, property disputes, and immigration matters. They are considered to be reliable evidence of the facts stated in them.

Types of Affidavits

There are two main types of affidavits: judicial and non-judicial. Judicial affidavits are used in cases filed in court, while non-judicial affidavits are used for other purposes, such as commercial or administrative matters. Judicial affidavits are made on legal paper with appropriate court fees and stamps, while non-judicial affidavits are made on non-judicial stamp paper.

To create an affidavit online, you can use the services of Tahmidur Rahman Remura, a top law firm in Bangladesh. The firm offers a web-based platform that allows you to provide the necessary information for the affidavit and have it made on a manual or e-stamp paper. You can also schedule an appointment with a certified notary public to execute and complete the affidavit. The firm offers a variety of affidavit services, including:

• Affidavit regarding late birth registration and relationship for USCIS Request for Evidence (RFE) notice, visa/immigration/other purposes
• Affidavit of financial sponsorship, undertaking and relationship
• Affidavit for change/specimen signature
• Affidavit of loss
• Affidavit for the change of religion
• Affidavit regarding bona-fide/legitimate marriage for visa/immigration/other purposes
• Affidavit regarding unmarried certificate for visa/immigration/other purposes

Overall, with the help of Tahmidur Rahman Remura, you can get your affidavit done easily and quickly without leaving your home or office.

What is an affidavit notarized?

A “notarized” affidavit implies that you have sworn to the veracity of the affidavit’s contents. Additional affidavit stamp paper is to be used. Plain paper cannot be used for affidavits.

Why are Affidavits Filed?

Affidavits are considered common and are used frequently in our daily lives. It has been presumed and assumed that any declaration made by a citizen in an affidavit could be deemed accurate and appropriate action could be taken.

Varieties of Affidavits

There are two different types of affidavits: judicial and non-judicial. In court-filed cases, judicial affidavits are utilized. Non-Judicial Affidavits are used “for other purposes.” Judicial affidavits are required for various reasons, including but not limited to providing evidence or supporting an application.

Non-judicial affidavits are “basically for commercial or administrative purposes.” Judicial affidavits are written on legal paper with the appropriate court fees and stamps attached. Non-judicial affidavits are executed on non-judicial stamp papers.

How to Get an Affidavit Outside of Court Online?

Considering how to create an online affidavit? Using our web-based platform, Tahmidur Remura, you can get an affidavit created online; however, you must provide us with the information required for the affidavit. Then, we will create your affidavit on either manual/traditional stamp paper or electronic stamp paper. You can order Non-Judicial Stamp Paper by sending an email to [email protected] or by purchasing e-stamp paper on our website.

Then, you can execute and complete your affidavit via our online platform at www.tahmidurrahman.com with a prior appointment schedule with a Certified Notary Public of Bangladesh Government, or we can send you a printed copy on Non-Judicial Stamp Paper or e-stamp paper via mail / courier. “Simple and Rapid.” You can obtain an affidavit without leaving your home or place of business.

A directory of Affidavit Service

• AFFIDAVIT REGARDING LATE BIRTH REGISTRATION AND RELATIONSHIP FOR USCIS REQUEST FOR EVIDENCE (RFE) NOTICE, VISA / IMMIGRATION / OTHER PURPOSE
• Regarding Late Birth Registration and Claimed Biological Relationship by Father/Mother/Sister/Brother/Uncle/Aunty/Other AFFIDAVIT OF FINANCIAL SPONSORSHIP, UNDERTAKING, AND RELATIONSHIP.
• Sponsorship / Assistance for Student / Visit / Medical / Family Visa
  AFFIDAVIT FOR MODIFICATION / SAMPLE SIGNATURE
• Variation in Signature Affidavit
  AFFIDAVIT OF LOSS
• Loss of any item (Academic Certificate, Mark Sheet, Marriage Certificate, NIKAHNAMA, Birth Certificate, Death Certificate, Passport, Medical Documents, Property Documents, Driver’s License, ATM Card, Car/Vehicle Documents, Bank Cheque, Mobile Phone, etc.)
  AFFIDAVIT FOR RELIGIOUS CONVERSION
• Change of religion from one to the next (From Hinduism / Buddhism / Christianity / Adibashi to Muslim AFFIDAVIT REGARDING BONA FIDE / LEGITIMATE MARRIAGE FOR VISA / IMMIGRATION / OTHER PURPOSE.
• Father/Mother/Sister/Brother/Uncle/Aunty/Other Affidavit to Establish a Legitimate/Bona Fide Marriage
  AFFIDAVIT CONCERNING SINGLE CERTIFICATE FOR VISA/IMMIGRATION/OTHER PURPOSES
• Regarding Unmarried Status Certificate Declared by Parents

FAQ about Affidavits in Bangladesh

Regenerate response

Are you planning to register a private limited company in Bangladesh?

Company formation and registration at Tahmidur Rahman Remura: The Law Firm in Bangladesh:

The legal team of Tahmidur Rahman, The Law Firm in BangladeshRemura: The Law Firm in Bangladesh are highly experienced in providing all kinds of services related to forming and registering a Private Limited Company in Bangladesh . For queries or legal assistance, please reach us at:

E-mail: [email protected]
Phone: +8801847220062 or +8801779127165

Address: House 410, Road 29, Mohakhali DOHS